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Chapter 8: Problem 12

(a) Write the electron configuration for the element titanium, Ti. How many valence electrons does this atom possess? (b) Hafnium, Hf, is also found in group 4. Write the electron configuration for Hf. (c) Ti and Hf behave as though they possess the same number of valence electrons. Which of the subshells in the electron configuration of Hf behave as valence orbitals? Which behave as core orbitals?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The electron configuration of titanium (Ti) is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^2\), with 4 valence electrons. The electron configuration of hafnium (Hf) is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^6 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6 6s^2 4f^{14} 5d^2\). Hf's valence orbitals are 6s and 5d, while its core orbitals are 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, and 4f.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Electron Configuration of Titanium (Ti) and Valence Electrons

To write the electron configuration of titanium (Ti, atomic number 22), we follow the aufbau principle and the rules of the periodic table. The electron configuration can be given as follows: Ti: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^2\) The valence electrons of an element are the electrons in the outermost shell. In the case of titanium, the valence shell is the 4th shell with the 4s and 3d orbitals. The number of valence electrons for titanium is 4 (2 in the 4s orbital and 2 in the 3d orbital).
02

(b) Electron Configuration of Hafnium (Hf)

To write the electron configuration for hafnium (Hf, atomic number 72), we also follow the aufbau principle and periodic table rules. The electron configuration is: Hf: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^6 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6 6s^2 4f^{14} 5d^2\)
03

(c) Valence and Core Orbitals of Hafnium (Hf)

Since elements on the same group of the Periodic Table often show similar behavior, Hf has the same number of valence electrons as Ti. The outermost shell for hafnium is the 6th shell, so Hf's valence orbitals are in the 6s and 5d orbitals since they contain the valence electrons. Hf's Valence orbitals: 6s and 5d All the other orbitals preceding the valence orbitals are known as core orbitals. They don't participate in the chemical bonding, and these electrons shield the positive charges of the nucleus. Hf's Core orbitals: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, and 4f.

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