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Chapter 14: Problem 54

Give the name and symbol or formula of a Group \(4 \mathrm{~A}(14)\) element or compound that fits each description or use: (a) Hardest known natural substance (b) Medicinal antacid (c) Atmospheric gas implicated in the greenhouse effect (d) Gas that binds to Fe(II) in blood (e) Element used in the manufacture of computer chips

Short Answer

Expert verified
Diamond (a), Silicon dioxide (b), Carbon dioxide (c), Carbon monoxide (d), Silicon (e)

Step by step solution

01

Identify the hardest known natural substance

The hardest known natural substance is diamond, which is an allotrope of carbon. Therefore, for part (a), the answer is diamond.
02

Identify the medicinal antacid

Medicinal antacids often contain compounds of Group 4A (14) elements. One such common antacid is aluminum hydroxide, which has various compounds including silicates. For part (b), an appropriate compound is silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
03

Identify the atmospheric gas implicated in the greenhouse effect

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a well-known atmospheric gas that contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect. For part (c), the answer is carbon dioxide (CO₂).
04

Identify the gas that binds to Fe(II) in blood

Carbon monoxide (CO) binds strongly to Fe(II) in hemoglobin, which can interfere with oxygen transport in blood. For part (d), the answer is carbon monoxide (CO).
05

Identify the element used in the manufacture of computer chips

Silicon (Si) is widely used in the manufacture of computer chips due to its excellent semiconducting properties. For part (e), the answer is silicon.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

diamond
Diamond is renowned as the hardest known natural substance on Earth. It is an allotrope of carbon, meaning it is a form of carbon with a distinct crystalline structure.
Diamonds form deep within the Earth's mantle under extreme heat and pressure conditions. This process can take billions of years.
  • Diamond structure: Each carbon atom in a diamond is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement, creating a very strong and rigid lattice.
  • Hardness: The strong covalent bonds in the diamond structure give it its exceptional hardness, making it useful in cutting and drilling tools.
silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), also known as silica, is a common compound found in nature. It makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust and is a major component of sand.
In its pure form, silicon dioxide has important applications.
  • Medicinal uses: Silicon dioxide is an active ingredient in many antacids, helping to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion.
  • Forms: It exists in various forms like quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. Quartz is perhaps the most well-known form of silicon dioxide.
In the medical field, its inclusion in antacids demonstrates its importance in daily health care.
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a colorless gas present in Earth's atmosphere. It's a significant component of the carbon cycle and a critical greenhouse gas.
Greenhouse effects occur because CO₂ traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
  • Production: It is produced by respiratory processes in animals and humans, combustion of fossil fuels, and various industrial activities.
  • Role: CO₂ plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants make their food.
While crucial for life on Earth, its excess due to human activities contributes to climate change.
carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and highly toxic gas. It binds strongly to iron in hemoglobin, preventing the transport of oxygen in the blood.
This binding can be fatal, leading to carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • Sources: CO is commonly produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials like fossil fuels.
  • Detection: Due to its colorless and odorless nature, carbon monoxide detectors are essential for preventing poisoning.
Despite its toxicity, CO is used industrially in chemical production and metallurgy.
silicon
Silicon (Si) is a fundamental element in the semiconductor industry. It is primarily used in the manufacturing of computer chips.
Silicon's properties make it invaluable in technology.
  • Semi-conducting properties: Silicon can conduct electricity under certain conditions, making it ideal for controlling electrical currents in devices.
  • Abundance: Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, found in compounds like silica (SiO₂).
It forms the foundation of modern electronics, powering everything from computers to smartphones.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The species \(\mathrm{CO}, \mathrm{CN}^{-},\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{2}^{2-}\) are isoelectronic. (a) Draw their Lewis structures. (b) Draw their MO diagrams (assume mixing of \(2 s\) and \(2 p\) orbitals, as in \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\) ), and give the bond order and electron configuration for each.

Select the stronger bond in each pair: (a) \(\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{Cl}\) or \(\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{Br}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{Br}\) or \(\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{I}\) (c) \(\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{F}\) or \(\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{Cl}\). Why doesn't the \(\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{F}\) bond strength follow the group trend?

Rank the following species in order of decreasing acid strength: \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}, \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}, \mathrm{HSO}_{3}^{-}\)

Nearly every compound of silicon has the element in the +4 oxidation state. In contrast, most compounds of lead have the element in the +2 state. (a) What general observation do these facts illustrate? (b) Explain in terms of atomic and molecular properties. (c) Give an analogous example from Group \(3 \mathrm{~A}(13)\)

Bismuth(V) compounds are such powerful oxidizing agents that they have not been prepared in pure form. How is this fact consistent with the location of Bi in the periodic table?
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