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Chapter 15: Problem 37

In terms of numbers of reactant and product substances, which organic reaction type corresponds to (a) a combination reaction, (b) a decomposition reaction, (c) a displacement reaction?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Combination: joining reactants to form one product, (b) Decomposition: breaking one reactant into multiple products, (c) Displacement: replacing part of the molecule.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Combination Reaction

In a combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a single product. In organic chemistry, this could mean the formation of a larger molecule from smaller ones. For example, the formation of an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is a combination reaction.
02

Identify Decomposition Reaction

A decomposition reaction involves breaking down one compound into two or more simpler substances. In organic reactions, such a process could be represented by the breakdown of a compound like an ester into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid when hydrolysis occurs.
03

Identify Displacement Reaction

A displacement reaction occurs when an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. An example would be the reaction of an alkyl halide with a nucleophile where the halide is replaced by the nucleophile, forming a new compound and releasing the halide.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Combination Reaction in Organic Chemistry
Combination reactions, also known as synthesis reactions, occur when two or more reactants combine to form a single product. This type of reaction is essential in organic chemistry, allowing the formation of complex molecules from simpler ones. For instance, when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid, they combine to form an ester. This reaction is typically represented as:
  • Reactants: Alcohol (R-OH) and Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH)
  • Product: Ester (R-COOR) and Water (H2O)
These reactions are crucial in organic synthesis and are used to create a variety of compounds, from pharmaceuticals to polymers. Remember, the defining feature of a combination reaction is that multiple reactants form a single product.
Decomposition Reaction in Organic Chemistry
Decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a single compound into two or more simpler substances. In organic chemistry, these reactions are often encountered during the breakdown of complex molecules into their basic components. For example, an ester undergoing hydrolysis can decompose into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. This reaction is expressed as:
  • Reactant: Ester (R-COOR)
  • Products: Alcohol (R-OH) and Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH)
Such reactions are essential in biochemistry, industrial processes, and environmental systems as they help in recycling and breaking down organic materials. A key aspect to note is that a single reactant is converted into multiple products.
Displacement Reaction in Organic Chemistry
A displacement reaction involves an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule being replaced by another atom or group of atoms. This type of reaction is crucial in organic chemistry for forming new compounds. For example, in the reaction of an alkyl halide with a nucleophile, the halide (often a chloride or bromide) is replaced by the nucleophile, forming a new product. This reaction can be seen as:
  • Reactants: Alkyl Halide (R-X) and Nucleophile (Nu-)
  • Products: New Compound (R-Nu) and Halide Ion (X-)
Displacement reactions are foundational in synthetic organic chemistry, aiding in creating a wide variety of chemicals. The key detail is that one part of the molecule is replaced by another, facilitating the creation of new functional groups and compounds.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Any tetrahedral atom with four different groups attached can be a chiral center. Which of these species is optically active? (a) CHClBrF (b) \(\mathrm{NBrCl}_{2} \mathrm{H}^{+}\) (c) PFClBrI \(^{+}\) (d) SeFClBrH

Explain each statement in terms of atomic properties: (a) Carbon engages in covalent rather than ionic bonding. (b) Carbon has four bonds in all its organic compounds. (c) Carbon forms neither stable cations, like many metals, nor stable anions, like many nonmetals. (d) Carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms more extensively than do the atoms of any other element. (e) Carbon forms stable multiple bonds.

Ethers (general formula \(\left.\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{R}^{\prime}\right)\) have many important uses. Until recently, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, below) was used as an octane booster and fuel additive for gasoline. It increases the oxygen content of the fuel, which reduces CO emissions. MTBE is synthesized by the catalyzed reaction of 2 -methylpropene with methanol. (a) Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of MTBE. (Hint: Alcohols add to alkenes similarly to the way water does.) (b) If the government required that auto fuel mixtures contain \(2.7 \%\) oxygen by mass to reduce CO emissions, how many grams of MTBE would have to be added to each \(100 . \mathrm{g}\) of gasoline? (c) How many liters of MTBE would be in each liter of fuel mixture? (The density of both gasoline and \(\mathrm{MTBE}\) is \(0.740 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\).) (d) How many liters of air \(\left(21 \% \mathrm{O}_{2}\right.\) by volume \()\) are needed at \(24^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 1.00 atm to fully combust \(1.00 \mathrm{~L}\) of MTBE?

Compounds with nearly identical molar masses often have very different physical properties. Choose the compound with the higher value for each of the following properties, and explain your choice. (a) Solubility in water: chloroethane or methylethylamine (b) Melting point: diethyl ether or 1 -butanol (c) Boiling point: trimethylamine or propylamine

Name the type of organic compound from each description of the functional group: (a) polar group that has only single bonds and does not include \(\mathrm{O}\) or \(\mathrm{N} ;\) (b) group that is polar and has a triple bond; (c) group that has single and double bonds and is acidic in water; (d) group that has a double bond and must be at the end of a C chain.
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