For what type(s) of compound do we use roman numerals in the names?

Transition metals are unique elements found in the center block of the periodic table. These metals are characterized by partially filled d orbitals in their atoms. This means they can form various cations (positively charged ions) with different charges. Transition metals include elements like iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn). Due to their ability to switch between multiple oxidation states, naming compounds that include these metals requires special notation, typically using Roman numerals.
Examples:

• Iron (Fe) can form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ cations.
• Copper (Cu) can form Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ cations.

The use of Roman numerals in naming compounds helps to specify which oxidation state the metal is in. For example, iron (II) oxide (FeO) indicates iron with a 2+ charge, while iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) indicates iron with a 3+ charge.

An oxidation state, also known as oxidation number, signifies the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. It refers to the number of electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares when it forms chemical bonds. In transition metals, multiple oxidation states are common due to their ability to lose different numbers of d electrons.
Examples:

• Iron can exist in +2 or +3 oxidation states.
• Copper can exist in +1 or +2 oxidation states.

When naming compounds with metals that have variable oxidation states, it’s critical to indicate which oxidation state the metal is in. This is done using Roman numerals. For example, in copper (I) chloride (CuCl), copper has a +1 oxidation state, while in copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂), copper has a +2 oxidation state.

Cation charges refer to the positive charge carried by cations, which are ions that have lost one or more electrons. In the context of transition metals, these positive charges can vary, leading to different cationic forms of the same metal. Understanding the cation charge is essential for correctly naming chemical compounds.
Examples:

• Fe²⁺ (iron with a 2+ charge)
• Fe³⁺ (iron with a 3+ charge)
• Cu⁺ (copper with a 1+ charge)
• Cu²⁺ (copper with a 2+ charge)

The charge of a cation is indicated by the Roman numeral in the name of the compound. For instance, iron (II) oxide indicates Fe²⁺, while iron (III) oxide indicates Fe³⁺. This system of using Roman numerals is crucial to avoid confusion, especially when dealing with metals that can form multiple cations with different charges.