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Mobile App Chapter 23: Problem 12
Using the periodic table to locate each element, write the electron configuration of (a) Os; (b) \(\mathrm{Co} ;\) (c) Ag.
Short Answer
Expert verified
(a) Os: [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶(b) Co: [Ar] 4s² 3d⁷(c) Ag: [Kr] 5s¹ 4d¹⁰
Step by step solution
01
- Locate Osmium on the Periodic Table
Find Osmium (Os) on the periodic table. It is in period 6 and group 8, which places it in the d-block.
02
- Write the Electron Configuration for Osmium (Os)
Using the order of filling for orbitals: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶.
03
- Locate Cobalt on the Periodic Table
Find Cobalt (Co) on the periodic table. It is in period 4 and group 9, which places it in the d-block.
04
- Write the Electron Configuration for Cobalt (Co)
Using the order of filling for orbitals: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁷.
05
- Locate Silver on the Periodic Table
Find Silver (Ag) on the periodic table. It is in period 5 and group 11, which places it in the d-block.
06
- Write the Electron Configuration for Silver (Ag)
Using the order of filling for orbitals: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s¹ 4d¹⁰.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Periodic Table
The periodic table is a handy tool that organizes all known elements in a structured way. It places elements with similar chemical properties together.
The elements are arranged in order of their atomic number, which increases from left to right and from top to bottom.
The elements are arranged in order of their atomic number, which increases from left to right and from top to bottom.
- Periods: Rows in the periodic table, which indicate the number of electron shells in an element. For example, Osmium (Os) is in period 6.
- Groups: Columns in the periodic table, which indicate elements with similar properties and same number of valence electrons, like Cobalt (Co) is in group 9.
- Blocks: The periodic table is divided into blocks (s, p, d, f) based on the electron configuration of the elements.
Orbital Filling Order
The orbital filling order is the sequence in which electrons are added to an atom's orbitals.
Electrons occupy orbitals in a way that minimizes the energy of the atom.
The following sequence is generally used to determine the filling order:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3dⁿ 4p⁶ 5s² 4dⁿ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5dⁿ and so on.
The sequence follows the Aufbau principle, which states that electron fill lower energy orbitals first before moving to higher energy ones.
Electrons occupy orbitals in a way that minimizes the energy of the atom.
The following sequence is generally used to determine the filling order:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3dⁿ 4p⁶ 5s² 4dⁿ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5dⁿ and so on.
The sequence follows the Aufbau principle, which states that electron fill lower energy orbitals first before moving to higher energy ones.
- Pauli Exclusion Principle: Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
- Hund's Rule: Electrons will fill an unoccupied orbital before they pair up in an occupied one.
d-block Elements
d-block elements are found in groups 3-12 of the periodic table and include transition metals.
These elements have valence electrons in the d orbital, which can hold up to 10 electrons.
For example, Cobalt (Co), found in group 9, period 4, is a d-block element because its electron configuration ends in 3d⁷.
These elements have valence electrons in the d orbital, which can hold up to 10 electrons.
For example, Cobalt (Co), found in group 9, period 4, is a d-block element because its electron configuration ends in 3d⁷.
- Properties: d-block elements are typically metallic, have high melting and boiling points, and are often good conductors of electricity.
- Electron Configuration: The electron configurations of these elements commonly involve filling the d orbitals. For instance, Silver (Ag) has a configuration ending in 4d¹⁰.
Group and Period Locations
Group and period locations provide essential information about an element's properties.
The group number can help determine the number of valence electrons, and the period number indicates the number of electron shells.
For example, Osmium (Os) is in group 8, indicating it has 8 valence electrons, and it is in period 6, which means it has 6 electron shells.
The group number can help determine the number of valence electrons, and the period number indicates the number of electron shells.
For example, Osmium (Os) is in group 8, indicating it has 8 valence electrons, and it is in period 6, which means it has 6 electron shells.
- Groups: Also known as families, groups indicate elements with similar properties. For instance, elements in group 11, such as Silver (Ag), often have similar behavior in chemical reactions.
- Periods: Each period adds a new energy level to the atom. Elements in period 4 like Cobalt (Co) have four specific energy levels or electron shells.
