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Chapter 1: Problem 17

The ionization energies for an element are listed in the table below. $\begin{array}{lllll}{\text { First }} & {\text { Second }} & {\text { Third }} & {\text { Fourth }} & {\text { Fifth }} \\ {8 \mathrm{eV}} & {15 \mathrm{eV}} & {80 \mathrm{eV}} & {109 \mathrm{eV}} & {141 \mathrm{eV}}\end{array}$ Based on the ionization energy table, the element is most likely to be (A) Sodium (B) Magnesium (C) Aluminum (D) Silicon

Short Answer

Expert verified
The element is most likely to be Magnesium (B).

Step by step solution

01

Identify the jump

In the table, we can see a jump from 15 eV to 80 eV between the second and third ionization energies. This means that the 3rd electron being removed is coming from an inner shell.
02

Match with the properties of the elements

If an element loses two electrons and the third electron comes from the next shell, it suggests that the outermost shell of that element has two electrons i.e., its valency is 2. Among the options given, Magnesium (Mg) is the element which has a valency of 2.
03

Verify

Magnesium's electron configuration is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2\). If we remove two electrons from the \(3s^2\) shell, then the third electron will come from the \(2p^6\) shell, which is closer to the nucleus and thus require more energy to remove, consistent with the ionization energies given.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following substances has an asymmetrical molecular structure? (A) \(\mathrm{SF}_{4}\) (B) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{5}\) (C) \(\mathrm{BF}_{3}\) (D) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\)

Use the following information to answer questions 14-16 The radius of atoms and ions is typically measured in Angstroms \((A),\) which is equivalent to \(1 * 10^{-10} \mathrm{m} .\) Below is a table of information for three different elements. TABLE NOT AVAILABLE The phosphorus ion is larger than a neutral phosphorus atom, yet a zinc ion is smaller than a neutral zinc atom. Which of the following statements best explains why? (A) The zinc atom has more protons than the phosphorus atom. (B) The phosphorus atom is paramagnetic, but the zinc atom is diamagnetic. (C) Phosphorus gains electrons when forming an ion, but zinc loses them. (D) The valence electrons in zinc are further from the nucleus than those in phosphorus.

Questions 45-48 refer to the following. Inside a calorimeter, 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 1.0 \(\mathrm{M}\) hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a weak acid, and 100.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of 0.50 \(\mathrm{M}\) sodium hydroxide are mixed. The temperature of the mixture rises from \(21.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(28.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . The specific heat of the mixture is approximately \(4.2 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathrm{C},\) and the density is identical to that of water. Identify the correct net ionic equation for the reaction that takes place. (A) \(\mathrm{HCN}(a q)+\mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) \mapsto \mathrm{CN}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\) (B) \(\mathrm{HCN}(a q)+\mathrm{NaOH}(a q) \leftrightarrow \mathrm{NaCN}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\) (C) \(\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\) (D) \(\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{CN}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{Na}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)+\mathrm{CN}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{Na}^{+}\) (aq)

The following reaction is found to be at equilibrium at 25°C: \(2 \mathrm{SO}_{3}(g) \leftrightarrow \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g) \quad \Delta H=-198 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) The solubility product, \(K_{s p}\) , of \(\mathrm{AgCl}\) is \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\) . Which of the following expressions is equal to the solubility of \(\mathrm{AgCl}\)? (A) \(\left(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\right)^{2}\) molar (B) \(\frac{1.8 \times 10^{-10}}{2}\) molar (C) \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\) molar (D) \(\sqrt{1.8 \times 10^{-10}}\) molar

Which substance would have the highest boiling point? (A) Ethanol, because it is the most asymmetrical (B) Acetone, because of the double bond (C) Ethylene glycol, because it has the most hydrogen bonding (D) All three substances would have very similar boiling points because their molar masses are similar.
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