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Chapter 4: Problem 13

Indicate with a plus sign \((+)\) any of these processes that require energy and a negative sign \((-)\) any that release energy. (a) arctic ice melting (d) dry ice changing to vapor (b) starting a car (e) blowing up a balloon (c) flash of lightning

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) +, (b) +, (d) +, (e) +, (c) -

Step by step solution

01

Analyze the Processes - Melting of Arctic Ice

Melting requires heat to change the state of ice to water. Since heat is being absorbed from the environment to melt the ice, this process requires energy.
02

Analyze the Processes - Dry Ice Changing to Vapor

Dry ice sublimates directly from a solid to gas phase, which requires energy to overcome the molecular forces maintaining solid state; therefore, this process requires energy.
03

Analyze the Processes - Starting a Car

Starting a car involves initiating chemical reactions within the car's battery and engine, which requires energy, primarily electrical energy from the battery.
04

Analyze the Processes - Blowing up a Balloon

Blowing up a balloon requires the person to do work (in the physical sense) by expanding the volume of the balloon against atmospheric pressure. This process requires energy from the person.
05

Analyze the Processes - Flash of Lightning

A flash of lightning is a rapid discharge of electrical energy in the atmosphere which releases energy in the form of light, heat, and sound.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It explains how thermal energy is converted to and from other types of energy and how it affects matter.

The melting of Arctic ice, which requires energy to transition from a solid to a liquid state, is an example of thermodynamics in action. It involves the first law of thermodynamics, which deals with the conservation of energy. This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms, as when environmental heat turns ice into water.
Phase Changes
Phase changes are transformations between states of matter, such as solid, liquid, and gas, due to an exchange of thermal energy. Dry ice changing to vapor represents a sublimation process, a phase transition from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.

This phase change, like melting, requires energy. Depending on the direction of the transition (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, or deposition), energy is either absorbed or released, illustrating the diverse ways in which energy interacts with matter.
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms, which requires or releases energy. Starting a car activates such chemical reactions within the battery and engine. While the stored chemical energy in the fuel is converted into mechanical work, the battery provides the initial electrical energy needed to ignite the engine.

This conversion is an integral part of the science of thermodynamics and showcases how chemical and mechanical energies are interconnected.
Work and Energy
Work and energy are closely related concepts in physics: work is the process of energy transfer that occurs when a force makes an object move, while energy is the capacity to do work. Inflating a balloon requires work to be done against the external atmospheric pressure, which demands the transfer of energy from the person to the balloon, causing it to expand.
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the presence and flow of an electric charge. A common form of energy transfer, electrical energy can readily be converted into other forms such as heat, light, and motion. The flash of lightning, for instance, is electrical energy rapidly releasing from the cloud to the Earth, generating light and sound—complementary forms of energy that emanate from the electricity discharged.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What energy transformation is responsible for the fiery reentry of a rocket into Earth's atmosphere?

If solar panels are placed in the Mojave Desert in California that generate 100 megawatts on a 1.3-square-mile site with an average of \(7.50\) hours of productive daylight each day, how many tons of coal are equivalent to the energy produced in one day by the solar panels? (One ton of coal will produce \(26.6\) gigajoules of energy, 1 Watt \(=1 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{s}\).)

If you are boiling some potatoes in a pot of water, will they cook faster if the water is boiling vigorously than if the water is only gently boiling? Explain your reasoning.

Gloves are often worn to protect the hands from being burned when they come in contact with very hot or very cold objects. Gloves are often made of cotton or wool, but many of the newer heat-resistant gloves are made of silicon rubber. The specific heats of these materials are listed below: $$ \begin{array}{|l|c|} \hline \text { Material } & \text { Specific heat }\left(\mathbf{J} / \mathrm{g}^{\circ} \mathbf{C}\right) \\ \hline \text { wool felt } & 1.38 \\ \hline \text { cotton } & 1.33 \\ \hline \text { paper } & 1.33 \\ \hline \text { rubber } & 3.65 \\ \hline \text { silicon rubber } & 1.46 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ (a) If a glove with a mass of \(99.3\) grams composed of cotton increases in temperature by \(15.3^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\), how much energy was absorbed by the glove? (b) A glove with a mass of \(86.2\) grams increases in temperature by \(25.9^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) when it absorbs \(1.71 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of energy. Calculate the specific heat of the glove and predict its composition. (c) If a glove with a mass of \(50.0\) grams needs to absorb \(1.65 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of energy, how much will the temperature of the glove increase for each of the materials listed above? (d) Which is the best material for a heat-resistant glove? (e) If you were designing a heat-resistant glove, what kind of specific heat would you look for?

Determine whether each of the following represents a physical property or a chemical property: (a) Chlorine gas has a greenish-yellow tint. (b) The density of water at \(4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1.000 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). (c) Hydrogen gas is very flammable. (d) Aluminum is a solid at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (e) Water is colorless and odorless. (f) Lemon juice tastes sour. (g) Gold does not tarnish. (h) Copper cannot be decomposed.
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