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Chapter 12: Problem 125

In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols: (a) \(\Delta H_{\text {vap }} ;\) (b) \(T_{c} ;\) (c) instantaneous dipole; (d) coordination number; (e) unit cell.

Short Answer

Expert verified
\(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\) is the enthalpy change of vaporization. \(T_{c}\) stands for critical temperature. An instantaneous dipole is a temporary dipole resulting from the electron cloud's transient asymmetry. Coordination Number is the number of atoms directly connected to an atom within a compound or a crystal lattice. A unit cell is the smallest unit of a crystal structure that covers its entire pattern.

Step by step solution

01

Defining \(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\)

\(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\) stands for the enthalpy change of vaporization. It's the amount of energy required to transform a quantity of liquid into gas, under constant pressure, without changing the temperature.
02

Explaining \(T_{c}\)

\(T_{c}\) generally denotes critical temperature. It is the maximum temperature at which distinct liquid and gas phases can occur. Beyond this temperature, there is only one phase, and the substance exists as a supercritical fluid.
03

Understanding Instantaneous Dipole

An instantaneous dipole refers to a temporary, rapidly-changing dipole that can occur even in a non-polar molecule. It results from fleeting asymmetry in the electron cloud around an atom or a molecule, leading to a very short-lived dipole moment.
04

Defining Coordination Number

Coordination Number is a term used in chemistry to denote the number of other atoms directly surrounding an atom in a molecule or a crystal lattice, particularly in metallic bonding or ionic bonding situations.
05

Explaining Unit Cell

A Unit Cell is the smallest, repeating unit of a crystal lattice that contains the entire pattern for the crystal structure. It is a three-dimensional geometric arrangement of atoms or molecules from which the complete lattice can be generated by simple translation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Sketch a plausible phase diagram for hydrazine \(\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)\) from the following data: triple point \(\left(2.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) and \(3.4 \mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}\) ), the normal melting point \(\left(2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),\) the normal boiling point \(\left(113.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),\) and the critical point \(\left(380^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \text { and } 145 \mathrm{atm}\right) .\) The density of the liquid is less than that of the solid. Label significant data points on this diagram. Are there any features of the diagram that remain uncertain? Explain.

Without doing calculations, indicate how you would expect the lattice energies of \(\mathrm{LiCl}(\mathrm{s}), \mathrm{KCl}(\mathrm{s}), \mathrm{RbCl}(\mathrm{s}),\) and \(\mathrm{CsCl}(\mathrm{s})\) to compare with the value of \(-787 \mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}\) determined for \(\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{s})\) on page \(543 .\) [ Hint: Assume that the enthalpies of sublimation of the alkali metals are comparable in value. What atomic properties from Chapter 9 should you compare?

Arrange the following substances in the expected order of increasing melting point: \(\mathrm{KI}\), \(\mathrm{Ne}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}, \mathrm{MgO}, \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OHCHOHCH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\)

A 7.53 I. sample of \(\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g})\) at \(742 \mathrm{mmHg}\) and \(45.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is bubbled through \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(1)\) at \(45.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .\) Assuming the gas becomes saturated with \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(\mathrm{g}),\) what is the volume of the resulting gaseous mixture, if the total pressure remains at \(742 \mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}\) and the temperature remains at \(45^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\) The vapor pressure of \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) at \(45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(261 \mathrm{mmHg}\)

The normal boiling point of acetone, an important laboratory and industrial solvent, is \(56.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and its \(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\) is \(25.5 \mathrm{kJmol}^{-1} .\) At what temperature does acetone have a vapor pressure of \(375 \mathrm{mmHg} ?\)
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