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Chapter 12: Problem 127

Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) adhesive and cohesive forces; (b) vaporization and condensation; (c) triple point and critical point; (d) face-centered and body-centered cubic unit cell; (e) tetrahedral and octahedral hole.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Adhesive forces are between different substances, cohesive forces are within the same substance. Vaporization is a transition from liquid to vapor absorbing heat, condensation is from vapor to liquid, releasing heat. The triple point is where all three phases coexist in equilibrium, the critical point is where no phases can be distinguished. In a face-centered cubic unit cell, atoms are on each corner and face, in a body-centered, atoms are at each corner and one at the center. A tetrahedral hole is surrounded by 4 atoms, while an octahedral hole is surrounded by 6 atoms.

Step by step solution

01

Distinction Between Adhesive and Cohesive Forces

Adhesive forces refer to the attraction between molecules of different substances. For instance, this force can be observed when water adheres to the glass surface. On the other hand, cohesive forces represent the force of attraction between similar molecules. An example of this force can be seen in a water droplet where water molecules stick to each other.
02

Distinction Between Vaporization and Condensation

Vaporization is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor which can occur through either evaporation or boiling. It is an endothermic process, meaning it absorbs heat. Condensation, on the other hand, is a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase. It is an exothermic process, meaning it releases heat.
03

Distinction Between Triple Point and Critical Point

The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. The critical point, however, marks the end of the pressure-temperature curve that designates where phase boundaries between different states of matter exist. Past this point, there is no distinguishing between the liquid and gas phases.
04

Distinction Between Face-Centered and Body-Centered Cubic Unit Cell

In a face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell, atoms are located at each corner and the center of each face of the cell. Therefore, one unit cell consists of 4 atoms. However, a body-centered cubic (bcc) unit cell has atoms at its corners and a single atom at the center of the cell structure. Thus, one unit cell has 2 atoms in total.
05

Distinction Between Tetrahedral and Octahedral Hole

A tetrahedral hole is a gap formed by four spheres (atoms or ions) arranged in a tetrahedron, while an octahedral hole is a gap surrounded by six spheres arranged in an octahedron. The difference lies in the positioning and the number of spheres (atoms or ions) that surround the hole.

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