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Chapter 12: Problem 7
How many water molecules can hydrogen bond to methanol?
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Briefly describe each of the following phenomena or methods: (a) capillary action; (b) polymorphism; (c) sublimation; (d) supercooling; (e) determining the freezing point of a liquid from a cooling curve.
Potassium chloride has the same crystal structure as NaCl. Careful measurement of the internuclear distance between \(K^{+}\) and \(C l^{-}\) ions gave a value of 314.54 pm. The density of \(\mathrm{KCl}\) is \(1.9893 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\). Use these data to evaluate the Avogadro constant, \(N_{\mathrm{A}}\)
The following data are given for \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\). Normal melting point, \(-23^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;\) normal boiling point, \(77^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;\) density of liquid \(1.59 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} ; \Delta H_{\text {fus }}=3.28 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1} ;\) vapor pressure at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 110\) Torr. (a) What phases-solid, liquid, and/or gas-are present if \(3.50 \mathrm{g} \mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) is placed in a closed \(8.21 \mathrm{L}\) container at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\) (b) How much heat is required to vaporize 2.00 L of \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(\mathrm{l})\) at its normal boiling point?
Explain why vaporization occurs only at the surface of a liquid until the boiling point temperature is reached. That is, why does vapor not form throughout the liquid at all temperatures?
Some vapor pressure data for Freon- \(12, \mathrm{CCl}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{2}\), once a common refrigerant, are \(-12.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 2.0 \mathrm{atm} ; 16.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) 5.0 atm; \(42.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 10.0\) atm; \(74.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 20.0\) atm. Also, \(\mathrm{bp}=-29.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \quad T_{\mathrm{c}}=111.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \quad P_{\mathrm{c}}=39.6 \mathrm{atm} .\) Use these data to plot the vapor pressure curve of Freon-12 What approximate pressure would be required in the compressor of a refrigeration system to convert Freon- 12 vapor to liquid at \(25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ?
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