The following data are given at \(1000 \mathrm{K}: \mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{g})+\) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g}) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) ; \quad \Delta H^{\circ}=-42 \mathrm{k} \mathrm{J}\) \(K_{\mathrm{c}}=0.66 .\) After an initial equilibrium is established in a \(1.00 \mathrm{L}\) container, the equilibrium amount of \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\) can be increased by (a) adding a catalyst; (b) increasing the temperature; (c) transferring the mixture to a 10.0 L container; (d) in some way other than (a), (b), Or (c).

When studying chemical equilibrium, a central concept that helps us understand how a system at equilibrium responds to changes is Le Chatelier's Principle. This principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the system responds in such a way to counteract the disturbance and restore a new equilibrium.

Imagine a see-saw that is perfectly balanced. If you add weight to one side, the see-saw will tilt. In an attempt to balance itself again, you would need to add weight to the other side or remove some from the tilted side to regain balance. Similarly, in a chemical reaction, if the concentration of a reactant is increased, the system will try to decrease it by forming more products. Conversely, if a product is removed, the system forms more products to replenish it.

Applying this principle to the reaction involving carbon monoxide and water, when external conditions are altered, such as temperature or pressure, the system will shift the equilibrium to favor the formation of either reactants or products, in a manner that helps to stabilize the effects of those changes. However, it's important to note that while catalysts speed up the rate at which equilibrium is reached, they do not affect the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's Principle.

Endothermic reactions are those that absorb energy from their surroundings, typically in the form of heat. This characteristic influences how a reaction's equilibrium responds to temperature changes. For our example reaction where carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen, the reaction enthalpy (\( \Delta H^\circ \)) is negative, indicating an exothermic reaction. However, in the context of Le Chatelier's Principle, treating it as endothermic is a useful way to predict how an increase in temperature shifts the equilibrium.

In this case, increasing temperature provides additional energy to the system. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this added energy, or heat, is absorbed by the endothermic reaction as it shifts to the products’ side to maintain balance. This shift results in an increased concentration of the product gases, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, effectively 'using up' the added heat in the formation of more products.

Reaction enthalpy (\( \Delta H^\circ \)) is a term that refers to the heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at a constant pressure. It is an essential part of understanding how chemical reactions occur and how they interact with their surroundings.

Enthalpy is a state function, meaning its change is determined only by the initial and final states of the system, not by the path taken. For our chemical reaction, the enthalpy change is negative (-42 kJ), which means heat is released to the surroundings when the reaction proceeds toward the formation of products. Hence, it is an exothermic reaction. The magnitude of the reaction enthalpy can provide insight into the strength of the bonds formed versus those broken, and a negative value indicates that more energy is released in forming new bonds than is used to break old ones.

The reaction enthalpy plays a significant role when temperature, as an external factor, is changed. If the reaction were endothermic, absorbing heat, an increase in temperature would drive the equilibrium position toward the products to absorb excess energy. Conversely, since our example is exothermic, increasing temperature would shift the equilibrium toward the reactants, contrary to Le Chatelier's Principle's interpretation when approached as an endothermic process for prediction purposes. Understanding this distinction is crucial in accurately predicting the direction in which an equilibrium will shift in response to temperature changes.