What is the (a) degree of ionization and (b) percent ionization of propionic acid in a solution that is \(0.45 \mathrm{M}\) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H} ?\) $$\begin{aligned} &\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2}^{-}\\\ &&\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}=4.89 \end{aligned}$$

Understanding the degree of ionization is essential for grasping how acids behave in solution. The degree of ionization refers to the proportion of a substance that has been ionized (turned into ions) in a solution at a given concentration. For weak acids, like propionic acid, not every molecule dissociates in water, meaning only a fraction turns into ions.

To calculate the degree of ionization, you divide the concentration of ionized acid by the initial concentration of the acid before ionization. Using the notation from the exercise, the degree of ionization would be represented mathematically as the quotient \( \frac{x}{0.45} \), where \(x\) is the equilibrium concentration of ionized acid. The closer this value is to 1, the higher the degree of ionization, indicating a stronger acid.

When examining acid-base equilibria, the ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) method is a systematic way to keep track of concentrations. This method involves setting up an ICE table that outlines what happens to each species in a reaction from the initial state to equilibrium.

Here's how the ICE method breaks down:

• Initial: The starting concentrations of the reactants and products are listed, before any reaction takes place.
• Change: This column represents the change in concentrations as reactants turn into products. As the reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, the change is often represented by \( -x \) for reactants (they are being used up) and \( +x \) for products (they are being formed).
• Equilibrium: These are the concentrations of reactants and products when the reaction has reached a state of balance. Here, the change values are applied to the initial concentrations.

Applying the ICE method helps you create a clear picture of the reaction's progress and is crucial for solving equilibrium-related exercises. By setting up an ICE table, students can systematically approach the calculation of unknown values like the degree and percent of ionization.

The acid ionization constant, denoted as \(K_a\), is a value that measures the strength of an acid in solution. It specifically relates to weak acids, which don't completely dissociate in water. \(K_a\) is defined by the equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants involved in the ionization of the acid:

\[ K_a = \frac{[\text{H}_3\text{O}^+][\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]} \]
where \(\text{HA}\) is the weak acid, \(\text{H}_3\text{O}^+\) is the hydronium ion, and \(\text{A}^-\) is the conjugate base. The larger the \(K_a\), the stronger the acid as it indicates a greater degree of ionization.

From the \(pKa\), which is the negative log of the \(K_a\), you can calculate \(K_a\) using the formula \(K_a = 10^{-pKa}\). \(K_a\) is essential for predicting the behavior of acids in different scenarios and for comparing the strengths of various acids. It forms the core of the mathematical operations involved when using the ICE method to deduce the degree and percent ionization of an acid in solution.