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Chapter 21: Problem 82

Explain the important distinction between each pair of terms: (a) peroxide and superoxide; (b) quicklime and slaked lime; (c) soap and detergent; (d) silicate and silicone; (e) sol and gel.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Peroxides form oxygen-oxygen single bonds, while superoxides have the superoxide anion with an unpaired electron. Quicklime is \(CaO\) while slaked lime is \( Ca(OH)_2\), formed from the reaction of quicklime with water. Soaps are salts of fatty acids and usually made from natural products while detergents are synthetic, man-made substances. Silicates are naturally occurring minerals while silicones are man-made polymers. Sols are stable suspensions of small solid particles in liquid, while gels are semi-solid systems with a network that traps fluid.

Step by step solution

01

Distinguish Between Peroxide and Superoxide

Peroxides are any compounds containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond or the peroxide anion (\(O_2^{2-}\)). These can be organic (R-O-O-R') or inorganic (\(MO_2\)). Superoxides, however, are a subclass of peroxides, containing the superoxide anion (\(O_2^{-}\)), which has a single electron unpaired, making them strong oxidants.
02

Distinguish Between Quicklime and Slaked Lime

Quicklime, or calcium oxide (\(CaO\)), is a white, caustic, alkaline crystalline solid at room temperature. Slaked lime, or calcium hydroxide (\(Ca(OH)_2\)), is formed by the reaction of quicklime with water, in an exothermic reaction.
03

Distinguish Between Soap and Detergent

Soap is a type of salt of a fatty acid and is usually made from natural products like fats and lye. Detergents, on the other hand, consist of synthetic, man-made elements and are often petroleum-based. They can work effectively in hard water and usually produce foams less than soaps.
04

Distinguish Between Silicate and Silicone

Silicates are minerals that contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. These are naturally occurring substances, which form the majority of the Earth's crust. Silicones, however, are man-made and are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon atoms and oxygen atoms.
05

Distinguish Between Sol and Gel

A sol is a colloidal suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are quite stable and show the Tyndall effect. Gels, on the other hand, are a semisolid system consisting of a network that traps fluid. The sol particles are bound in a continuous network, creating a structure of gel.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A chemical that should exist as a crystalline solid is seen to be a mixture of a solid and liquid in a container on a storeroom shelf. Give a plausible reason for that observation. Should the chemical be discarded or is it still useful for some purposes?

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Write Lewis structures for the following species, both of which involve coordinate covalent bonding: (a) tetrafluoroborate ion, \(\mathrm{BF}_{4}^{-}\), used in metal cleaning and in electroplating baths (b) boron trifluoride ethylamine, used in curing epoxy resins (ethylamine is \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) )

Lithium superoxide, \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s}),\) has never been isolated. Use ideas from Chapter \(12,\) together with data from this chapter and Appendix \(D\), to estimate \(\Delta H_{f}\) for \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) and assess whether \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) is thermodynamically stable with respect to \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})\) and \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}).\) (a) Use the Kapustinskii equation, along with appropriate data below, to estimate the lattice energy, \(U,\) for \(\left.\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s}) . \text { (See exercise } 126 \text { in Chapter } 12 .\right)\) The ionic radii for \(L\) i \(^{+}\) and \(O_{2}^{-}\) are \(73 \mathrm{pm}\) and \(144 \mathrm{pm},\) respectively. (b) Use your result from part (a) in the BornFajans-Haber cycle to estimate \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}\) for \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) [Hint: For the process \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}(\mathrm{g}), \Delta H^{\circ}=.\) \(-43 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1} .\) See Table 21.2 and Appendix \(\mathrm{D}\) for the other data that are required.] (c) Use your result from part (b) to calculate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) to \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})\) and \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) .\) For \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s}), \Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}=-598.73\) \(\mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}.\) (d) Use your result from part (c) to decide whether \(\mathrm{LiO}_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) is thermodynamically stable with respect to \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})\) and \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) .\) Assume that entropy effects can be neglected.

The chemical equation for the hydration of an alkali metal ion is \(M^{+}(g) \rightarrow M^{+}(a q) .\) The Gibbs energy change and the enthalpy change for the process are denoted by \(\Delta G_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ}\) and \(\Delta H_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ}\) respectively. \(\Delta G_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ}\) and \(\Delta H_{\text {hydr. values are given below for the alkali }}\) metal ions. $$\mathrm{M}^{+} \quad \mathrm{Li}^{+} \quad \mathrm{Na}^{+} \quad \mathrm{K}^{+} \quad \mathrm{Rb}^{+} \quad \mathrm{Cs}^{+}$$ $$\begin{array}{llllll} \Delta H_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ} & -522 & -407 & -324 & -299 & -274 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1} \end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{llllll} \Delta G_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ} & -481 & -375 & -304 & -281 & -258 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1} \end{array}$$ Use the data above to calculate \(\Delta S_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ}\) values for the hydration process. Explain the trend in the \(\Delta S_{\text {hydr. }}^{\circ}\) values.
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