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Chapter 22: Problem 55

Write balanced equations for the following important commercial reactions involving nitrogen and its compounds. (a) the principal artificial method of fixing atmospheric \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\) (b) oxidation of ammonia to \(\mathrm{NO}\) (c) preparation of nitric acid from \(\mathrm{NO}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The balanced chemical reactions are: (a) \(N_2 + 3H_2 -> 2NH_3\) (b) \(4NH_3 + 5O_2 -> 4NO + 6H_2O\) (c) \(4NO + O_2 + 2H_2O -> 4HNO_3\).

Step by step solution

01

Balancing the first reaction

The principal artificial method of fixing atmospheric N_2 is the Haber process. In this process, Nitrogen (\(N_2\)) reacts with hydrogen (\(H_2\)) to produce ammonia (\(NH_3\)). The unbalanced chemical equation is \(N_2 + H_2 -> NH_3\). After balancing this equation, it becomes \(N_2 + 3H_2 -> 2NH_3\).
02

Balancing the second reaction

Oxidation of ammonia results in the formation of nitrogen monoxide (\(NO\)). The unbalanced chemical equation is \(NH_3 + O_2 -> NO + H_2O\). After balancing, the equation becomes \(4NH_3 + 5O_2 -> 4NO + 6H_2O\).
03

Balancing the third reaction

Nitric acid is formed by oxidation of nitrogen monoxide with oxygen in the presence of water. The unbalanced equation is \(NO + O_2 + H_2O -> HNO_3\). After balancing, the equation becomes \(4NO + O_2 + 2H_2O -> 4HNO_3\).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When heated, each of the following substances decomposes to the products indicated. Write balanced equations for these reactions. (a) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(\mathrm{s})\) to \(\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{g}), \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{g}),\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})\) (b) \(\mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(\mathrm{s})\) to sodium nitrite and oxygen gas (c) \(\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{s})\) to lead(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen.

Figure \(15-1\) (page 656 ) shows that \(I_{2}\) is considerably more soluble in \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}(1)\) than it is in \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(1) .\) The concentration of \(I_{2}\) in its saturated aqueous solution is \(1.33 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{M},\) and the equilibrium achieved when \(\bar{I}_{2}\) distributes itself between \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) and \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) is $$\mathrm{I}_{2}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{I}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\right) \quad K_{\mathrm{c}}=85.5$$ (a) \(\mathrm{A} 10.0 \mathrm{mL}\) sample of saturated \(\mathrm{I}_{2}(\mathrm{aq})\) is shaken with \(10.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{CCl}_{4} .\) After equilibrium is established, the two liquid layers are separated. How many milligrams of \(I_{2}\) will be in the aqueous layer? (b) If the \(10.0 \mathrm{mL}\) of aqueous layer from part (a) is extracted with a second \(10.0 \mathrm{mL}\) portion of \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) how many milligrams of \(\mathrm{I}_{2}\) will remain in the aqueous layer when equilibrium is reestablished? (c) If the 10.0 mL sample of saturated \(I_{2}(\) aq) in part (a) had originally been extracted with \(20.0 \mathrm{mL} \mathrm{CCl}_{4}\) would the mass of \(I_{2}\) remaining in the aqueous layer have been less than, equal to, or greater than that in part (b)? Explain.

Peroxonitrous acid is an unstable intermediate formed in the oxidation of \(\mathrm{HNO}_{2}\) by \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\). It has the same formula as nitric acid, HNO \(_{3}\). Show how you would expect peroxonitrous and nitric acids to differ in structure.

In \(1968,\) before pollution controls were introduced, over 75 billion gallons of gasoline were used in the United States as a motor fuel. Assume an emission of oxides of nitrogen of 5 grams per vehicle mile and an average mileage of 15 miles per gallon of gasoline. How many kilograms of nitrogen oxides were released into the atmosphere in the United States in \(1968 ?\)

A 25.0 L sample of a natural gas, measured at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). and 740.0 Torr, is bubbled through \(\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq}),\) yielding \(0.535 \mathrm{g}\) of \(\mathrm{PbS}(\mathrm{s}) .\) What mass of sulfur can be recovered per cubic meter of this natural gas?
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