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Chapter 26: Problem 7

With appropriate sketches, represent chemical bonding in terms of the overlap of hybridized and unhybridized atomic orbitals in the following molecules. (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} ;\) (b) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCl} ;\) (c) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CH}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The molecules C4H10, H2C=CHCl, and CH3C≡CH contain sp3, sp2, and sp hybrid orbitals respectively from carbon atoms involved in sigma bonding. While C4H10 contains only sigma bonds, H2C=CHCl and CH3C≡CH also contain pi bonds from the overlap of unhybridized carbon p orbitals.

Step by step solution

01

- Understanding Chemical Bonding

Knowing that chemical bonding occurs when the atoms' orbitals overlap, it will be crucial to recognize the types of orbitals involved in each molecule. An understanding of hybrid orbitals will be particularly necessary.
02

- Orbitals in C4H10

In butane (C4H10), carbon atoms form sigma bonds with both hydrogen and other carbon atoms. The carbon atoms utilize sp3 hybrid orbitals for this bonding, while the hydrogen atoms utilize their 1s atomic orbitals. For the unhybridized p orbitals, you'll note that there are none in this molecule due to all carbon electrons being involved in sigma bonding.
03

- Orbitals in H2C=CHCl

In H2C=CHCl, there are both sigma and pi bonds. The carbon atoms use sp2 hybrid orbitals to form sigma bonds with hydrogen and other carbon or chlorine atoms, while they use unhybridized 2p orbitals to form the pi bond that constitutes the double bond between the two carbon atoms. Hydrogen uses 1s atomic orbitals, and chlorine uses 3p.
04

- Orbitals in CH3C≡CH

In CH3C≡CH, there are sigma and pi bonds due to the presence of a triple bond. The carbon atoms connected by the triple bond use their sp hybrid orbitals to form the sigma bonds and two sets of unhybridized p orbitals to make two pi bonds. Hydrogen atoms again use 1s atomic orbitals to form bonds with the carbon atoms.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Does each of the following names convey sufficient information to suggest a specific structure? Explain. (a) pentene; (b) butanone; (c) butyl alcohol; (d) methylaniline; (e) methylcyclopentane; (f) dibromobenzene

In the monochlorination of hydrocarbons, a hydrogen atom is replaced by a chlorine atom. How many different monochloro derivatives of 2 -methylbutane are possible?

Indicate why each of these names is incorrect, and give a correct name. (a) 3 -pentene; (b) pentadiene; (c) 1-propanone; (d) bromopropane; (e) 2,6 -dichlorobenzene; (f) 2 -methyl- 3 -pentyne

Draw the structure for each of the following. (a) \((Z)-1,3,5\) -tribromo- 2 -pentene (b) \((E)-1,2\) -dibromo- 3 -methyl- 2 -hexene (c) (S)-1-bromo-1-chlorobutane (d) \((R)-1,3\) -dibromohexane (e) (S)-1-chloro-2-propanol.

Give the isomers of the carboxylic acid with molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{2}\).
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