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Chapter 28: Problem 72
The substance glyceryl trilinoleate (linoleic acid: \(\left.\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{31} \mathrm{COOH}\right)\) is best described as a (a) fat; (b) oil; (c) wax; (d) fatty acid; (e) phospholipid.
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Draw the dashed-wedged line structure for ( \(S\) )-alanine and (S)-phenylalanine.
In your own words, define the following terms or symbols: (a) \((+) ;\) (b) \(\mathrm{L} ;\) (c) sugar; (d) \(\alpha\) -amino acid; (e) isoelectric point.
Oleic acid is a moderately unsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is polyunsaturated. What structural feature characterizes polyunsaturated fatty acids? Is stearic acid polyunsaturated? Is eleostearic acid? Why do you suppose safflower oil is so highly recommended in dietary programs?
Enantiomers always (a) have an asymmetric carbon; (b) have different physical properties; (c) change the color of light; (d) rotate polarized light; (e) none of these.
If \(\mathrm{D}-(+)\) -glyceraldehyde is treated with \(\mathrm{HCN}\) in aqueous solution under basic conditions for three days at room temperature, cyanohydrins are formed (see Chapter 27). The cyanohydrins are not isolated, but are hydrolyzed to hydroxyacids in the same reaction mixture using dilute sulfuric acid. In this process, a new stereocenter is formed in the molecule. The products are diastereomers, formed in unequal amounts, and separable from each other by recrystallization because of their different physical properties, including solubilities. The trihydroxybutanoic acids are separated and then oxidized to tartaric acid with dilute nitric acid, which oxidizes only the primary alcohol group. (a) Ignoring stereochemistry, draw the reaction sequence for the transformations described above and hence deduce the structure of tartaric acid. (b) Starting from the Fischer projection of \(\mathrm{D}-(+)-\) glyceraldehyde and using the reaction scheme from part (a), draw Fischer projections of the two trihydroxybutanoic acids formed and designate the chiral centers as \(R\) or \(S\). (c) Starting from the Fischer projection of \(\mathrm{D}-(+)-\) glyceraldehyde and using the reaction scheme from part (a), draw Fischer projections of the two forms of tartaric acid formed and designate the chiral centers as \(R\) or \(S\). (d) One form of tartaric acid obtained is optically active, rotating the plane of polarized light in a negative sense \((-) .\) The other isomer formed, called meso-tartaric acid, is not optically active. Explain why the other isomer is not optically active. Draw the dashed-wedged line structure that corresponds to the Fischer projection of meso-tartaric acid. Can you describe how the two halves of the molecule are related? Using Fischer projections, write equations for the conversion of \(L-(-)-\) glyceraldehyde to tartaric acid. Show clearly the stereochemistry of the tartaric acids that are formed, and indicate whether you expect them to be optically active.
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