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Chapter 3: Problem 116

Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) molecular mass and molar mass; (b) empirical and molecular formulas; (c) systematic and trivial, or common, name; (d) hydroxyl and carboxyl functional group.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Molecular mass is the mass of a single molecule, while molar mass is the mass of a mole of a substance, expressed in g/mol. Empirical formulas show the simplest whole number ratio of atoms, while molecular formulas show the actual number of atoms in a molecule. Systematic names follow specific rules established by IUPAC, while trivial names are common names that are not universal. Hydroxyl group is an oxygen and hydrogen atom bonded together, while carboxyl group involves a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group, forming a carboxylic acid.

Step by step solution

01

Distinguishing Molecular Mass and Molar Mass

Molecular mass refers to the mass of a single molecule, usually expressed in atomic mass units (u). It is calculated as the sum of the atomic masses of each atom in a molecule. In comparison, molar mass is the mass of one mole (6.02 x \(10^{23}\) entities) of a substance. It is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol) and is equivalent to the molecular mass for a substance but expressed in different units. Also, while molecular mass is useful in understanding the properties of individual molecules, molar mass allows chemists to track the amounts and transformations of substances in chemical reactions.
02

Distinguishing Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical and molecular formulas represent the types and quantities of atoms in a compound. The empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms, while the molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule of the compound. Therefore, multiple compounds can share the same empirical formula, but each compound will have a unique molecular formula.
03

Distinguishing Systematic and Trivial (common) Name

A systematic (or IUPAC) name for a compound follows specific rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This name ensures consistent naming across different platforms and languages. In contrast, a trivial or common name is often used for simplicity and ease, but may not provide information about the compound's structure and is not universal. For example, the systematic name for vinegar is acetic acid, which highlights its carboxyl functional group.
04

Distinguishing Hydroxyl and Carboxyl Functional Group

A hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH) while a carboxyl group involves a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH). A compound with a hydroxyl group is an alcohol, but if it has a carboxyl group, it is a carboxylic acid. The presence of these functional groups determines the behavior and reactions of the molecule they're part of.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Diethylene glycol, used to deice aircraft, is a carbonhydrogen-oxygen compound with \(45.27 \%\) C and \(9.50 \%\) H by mass. What is its empirical formula?

A \(0.1888 \mathrm{g}\) sample of a hydrocarbon produces \(0.6260 \mathrm{g}\) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and \(0.1602 \mathrm{g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) in combustion analysis. Its molecular mass is found to be 106 u. For this hydrocarbon, determine its (a) mass percent composition; (b) empirical formula; (c) molecular formula.

Determine the mass percent of each of the elements in the antimalarial drug quinine, \(\mathrm{C}_{20} \mathrm{H}_{24} \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\)

Determine the mass percent of each of the elements in the fungicide copper(II) oleate, $\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{C}_{18} \mathrm{H}_{33} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)_{2}$

A sample of the compound MSO \(_{4}\) weighing \(0.1131 \mathrm{g}\) reacts with barium chloride and yields \(0.2193 \mathrm{g} \mathrm{BaSO}_{4}\) What must be the atomic mass of the metal M? [Hint: All the \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) from the MSO \(_{4}\) appears in the \(\mathrm{BaSO}_{4}\) ]
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