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Chapter 16: Problem 107

Explain the action of smelling salt, which is ammonium carbonate \(\left[\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\right]\). (Hint: The thin film of aqueous solution that lines the nasal passage is slightly basic.)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The action of smelling salts (ammonium carbonate) in the nasal passages relies on a decomposition reaction triggered by the moisture in the nasal passages. The released ammonia gas, from the breakdown of the ammonium carbonate, causes an inhalation reflex leading to an increase in the pattern of breathing and heart rate, which increases alertness.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Smelling Salts

Smelling salts, primarily made up of ammonium carbonate \(\left[\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\right]\), is a substance used to arouse consciousness due to the strong reaction it causes when inhaled. The smell is created due to the production of ammonia gas.
02

Decomposition Reaction

Ammonium carbonate decomposes upon heating or on exposure to humid conditions. The reaction can be expressed in chemical terms as \( (\mathrm{NH}_4)_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{NH}_3(g) + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(g) + \mathrm{CO}_2(g) \). This means ammonium carbonate breaks down into ammonia gas, water vapor, and carbon dioxide when it comes into contact with a source of heat or humidity. The strong smell associated with smelling salts is primarily due to the release of the ammonia gas.
03

Reaction in Nasal Passages

When smelling salts are inhaled, the moisture in the nasal passages provides the necessary conditions for the decomposition of ammonium carbonate. As per the reaction charted above, this results in the release of ammonia gas. Given that the thin film of aqueous solution lining the nasal passages is slightly basic, the ammonia (a base) does not react but stays in a gaseous state, which then triggers an inhalation reflex that affects the pattern of breathing and heart rate, thereby increasing alertness.

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