Learning Materials
Features
Discover
Chapter 18: Problem 34
What is the role of ATP in biological reactions?
Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!
All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.
Get started for free
A carbon monoxide (CO) crystal is found to have entropy greater than zero at absolute zero of temperature. Give two possible explanations for this observation.
For a reaction with a negative \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) value, which of the following statements is false? (a) The equilibrium constant \(K\) is greater than one, (b) the reaction is spontaneous when all the reactants and products are in their standard states, and (c) the reaction is always exothermic.
Give a detailed example of each of the following, with an explanation: (a) a thermodynamically spontaneous process; (b) a process that would violate the first law of thermodynamics; (c) a process that would violate the second law of thermodynamics; (d) an irreversible process; (e) an equilibrium process.
Ammonium nitrate \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)\) dissolves spontaneously and endothermically in water. What can you deduce about the sign of \(\Delta S\) for the solution process?
The internal combustion engine of a \(1200-\mathrm{kg}\) car is designed to run on octane \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{18}\right),\) whose enthalpy of combustion is \(5510 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\). If the car is moving up a slope, calculate the maximum height (in meters) to which the car can be driven on 1.0 gallon of the fuel. Assume that the engine cylinder temperature is \(2200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and the exit temperature is \(760^{\circ} \mathrm{C},\) and neglect all forms of friction. The mass of 1 gallon of fuel is \(3.1 \mathrm{~kg} .\) [Hint: The efficiency of the internal combustion engine, defined as work performed by the engine divided by the energy input, is given by \(\left(T_{2}-T_{1}\right) / T_{2},\) where \(T_{2}\) and \(T_{1}\) are the engine's operating temperature and exit temperature (in kelvins). The work done in moving the car over a vertical distance is \(m g h,\) where \(m\) is the mass of the car in \(\mathrm{kg}, g\) the acceleration due to gravity \(\left(9.81 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right),\) and \(h\) the height in meters. \(]\)
What do you think about this solution?
We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.
Explanations 
Textbooks 
Exams 
GCSE 
IGCSE 
AS 
A Level 
International A Level 
University Admissions Tests 
Flashcards 
Vaia AI 
Notes 
Study Plans 
Study Sets 
Find a job 
Find a degree 
Student Deals 
Magazine 
Mobile App