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Chapter 8: Problem 28

Write ground-state electron configurations for these ions, which play important roles in biochemical processes in our bodies: (a) \(\mathrm{Na}^{+},\) (b) \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+},\) (c) \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) (d) \(\mathrm{K}^{+},\) (e) \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+},\) (f) \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{Cu}^{2+},\) (h) \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Na+: \(1s^22s^22p^6\), (b) Mg2+: \(1s^22s^22p^6\), (c) Cl-: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\), (d) K+: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\), (e) Ca2+: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\), (f) Fe2+: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^13d^5\), (g) Cu2+: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^7\), (h) Zn2+: \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^8\).

Step by step solution

01

Na+

Sodium (Na) has 11 electrons in its neutral state. A Na+ cation has lost one electron. So, we have 10 electrons, which gives it the same electron configuration as Neon (Ne): \(1s^22s^22p^6\).
02

Mg2+

Magnesium (Mg) has 12 electrons in its neutral state. A Mg2+ cation has lost two electrons. So, we have 10 electrons, the same as the Na+ cation and Neon (Ne): \(1s^22s^22p^6\).
03

Cl-

Chlorine (Cl) has 17 electrons in its neutral state. A Cl- anion has gained one electron. So, we have 18 electrons, which gives it the same electron configuration as Argon (Ar): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\).
04

K+

Potassium (K) has 19 electrons in its neutral state. A K+ cation has lost one electron. So, we have 18 electrons, the same as the Cl- anion and Argon (Ar): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\).
05

Ca2+

Calcium (Ca) has 20 electrons in its neutral state. A Ca2+ cation has lost two electrons. So, we have 18 electrons, the same as the Cl- anion, K+ cation and Argon (Ar): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6\).
06

Fe2+

Iron (Fe) has 26 electrons in its neutral state. A Fe2+ cation has lost two electrons. So, we have 24 electrons, placing it in the same electron configuration as Chromium (Cr): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^13d^5\).
07

Cu2+

Copper (Cu) has 29 electrons in its neutral state. A Cu2+ cation has lost two electrons. So, we have 27 electrons, which gives it the same electron configuration as Cobalt (Co): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^7\).
08

Zn2+

Zinc (Zn) has 30 electrons in its neutral state. A Zn2+ cation has lost two electrons. So, we have 28 electrons, which gives it the same electron configuration as Nickel (Ni): \(1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^8\).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Define ionic radius. How does the size change when an atom is converted to (a) an anion and (b) a cation?

Ammonium nitrate \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)\) is the most important nitrogen-containing fertilizer in the world. Describe how you would prepare this compound, given only air and water as the starting materials. You may have any device at your disposal for this task.

Give the physical states (gas, liquid, or solid) of the representative elements in the fourth period at 1 atm and \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}: \mathrm{K}, \mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Ga}, \mathrm{Ge}, \mathrm{As}, \mathrm{Se}, \mathrm{Br}\).

Group these electron configurations in pairs that would represent similar chemical properties of their atoms: (a) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5}\) (b) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{1}\) (c) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}\) (d) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{5}\) (e) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{1}\) (f) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{10} 4 p^{6}\)

State whether each of the elements listed here is a gas, a liquid, or a solid under atmospheric conditions. Also state whether it exists in the elemental form as atoms, as molecules, or as a three-dimensional network: \(\mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Si}, \mathrm{Kr}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{I}\) \(\mathrm{Hg}, \mathrm{Br}\).
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