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Chapter 8: Problem 36
Explain why, for isoelectronic ions, the anions are larger than the cations.
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You are given four substances: a fuming red liquid, a dark metallic-looking solid, a pale-yellow gas, and a yellow-green gas that attacks glass. You are told that these substances are the first four members of Group \(7 \mathrm{~A},\) the halogens. Name each one.
Why are the Group \(1 \mathrm{~B}\) elements more stable than the Group IA elements even though they seem to have the same outer electron configuration \(n s^{1}\) in which \(n\) is the principal quantum number of the outermost shell?
A metal ion with a net +3 charge has five electrons in the \(3 \mathrm{~d}\) subshell. Identify the metal.
Draw a rough sketch of a periodic table (no details are required). Indicate where metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are located.
In the late 1800 s the British physicist Lord Rayleigh accurately determined the atomic masses of a number of elements, but he obtained a puzzling result with nitrogen. One of his methods of preparing nitrogen was by the thermal decomposition of ammonia: \( 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{N}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \) Another method was to start with air and remove oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor from it. Invariably, the nitrogen from air was a little denser (by about 0.5 percent) than the nitrogen from ammonia. Later the English chemist Sir William Ramsay carried out an experiment in which he passed nitrogen, which he had obtained from air by Raleigh's procedure, over red-hot magnesium to convert it to magnesium nitride: \(3 \mathrm{Mg}(s)+\mathrm{N}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Mg}_{3} \mathrm{~N}_{2}(s)= \)= After all of the nitrogen had reacted with magnesium, Ramsay was left with an unknown gas that would not combine with anything. The atomic mass of this gas was determined to be 39.95 amu. Ramsay called the gas argon, which means "the lazy one" in Greek. (a) Later Rayleigh and Ramsay, with the help of Sir William Crookes, the inventor of the discharge tube, showed that argon was a new element. Describe the type of experiment performed that led them to the conclusion. (b) Why did it take so long to discover argon? (c) Once argon had been discovered, why did it take relatively little time to discover the rest of the noble gases? (d) Why was helium the last noble gas to be discovered on Earth? (e) The only confirmed compound of radon is radon fluoride, \(\mathrm{RnF}\). Give two reasons why there are so few known radon compounds.
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