Chapter 3: Problem 15

How were atomic models developed given that no one had seen an atom?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Atomic models were developed based on a series of experiments and theories, starting with Dalton's Atomic Theory, followed by Thomson's 'plum pudding' model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, and finally the current wave-mechanical model. Each model improved upon the last based upon new experiments, discoveries, and theories.

Step by step solution

Dalton's Atomic Theory

In the early 19th century, John Dalton proposed the first atomic model. He suggested that all matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. He based his theory on experimental facts such as the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions.

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

J.J. Thomson, in 1897, discovered the electron. His 'plum pudding' model suggested that atoms were composed of a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons embedded in it, like plums in a pudding.

Rutherford's Nuclear Model

Ernest Rutherford, after conducting his gold foil experiment in 1911, proposed a new model. He suggested the atom contained a tiny dense positively charged nucleus, where most of the mass resided, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space where electrons whirled around.

Bohr's Planetary Model

In 1913, Niels Bohr improved upon Rutherford's model. He proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific paths or energy levels. His model, though not completely accurate, accounted for many properties of hydrogen.

Wave-Mechanical Model

The current model of the atom was developed in the mid-20th century. It is based on quantum mechanics and it states that we cannot know the exact location of an electron, but can only estimate the probability of finding an electron in a certain location around the nucleus. This area is called an electron cloud.

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How were atomic models developed given that no one had seen an atom?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

Rutherford's Nuclear Model

Bohr's Planetary Model

Wave-Mechanical Model

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