a. What is the Tyndall effect? b. Identify one example of this effect.

The Tyndall effect is an interesting phenomenon where light gets scattered by small particles. This scattering allows us to see the path of a light beam through a colloidal mixture. It's important to understand why scattering happens. Particles in a mixture, like colloids and fine suspensions, are just the right size to interact with light waves. These particles take in the light and then send it out in many different directions. So, when a beam of light hits these particles, it doesn't just go straight through; it gets spread out. This process is called scattering.
Light scattering can make otherwise invisible paths of light become visible. For example, when you see sunbeams coming through a window and lighting up dust particles in the air, that's light scattering at work. This principle is crucial in several scientific and practical applications, such as creating and understanding optical instruments and analyzing the properties of substances.

A colloid is a type of mixture where one substance is evenly dispersed in another. However, the particles in a colloid are not dissolved like in a true solution. These particles are usually between 1 and 1000 nanometers in size. Because of this specific size, they can scatter light, leading to the Tyndall effect.
Some common examples of colloids include milk, whipped cream, and fog. In milk, fat globules are dispersed in water, which makes it a colloid. In whipped cream, air is dispersed in cream. Colloids have unique properties that set them apart from true solutions and suspensions. Unlike true solutions whose particles are individually dissolved, the larger particle size in colloids allows them to scatter light, making phenomena like the Tyndall effect observable.
Understanding colloids is important not only for academic purposes but also for various practical applications. They are used in different industrial processes like the creation of paints, inks, and even some medicines.

A suspension is another type of mixture where particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas. Unlike colloids, the particles in a suspension are larger and can often be seen with the naked eye. The size of these particles is usually greater than 1000 nanometers.
One common characteristic of suspensions is that the particles tend to settle out over time. This means you'll often need to shake or stir the mixture to keep the particles evenly dispersed. Examples of suspensions include muddy water and sand in water. These particles are too large to stay suspended for long and will eventually settle to the bottom.
Suspensions also exhibit the Tyndall effect, but it's usually less noticeable than in colloids. Understanding suspensions helps us grasp the basics of how different types of mixtures behave. For example, in cooking, when you mix flour and water, the mixture needs to be stirred frequently to keep it uniform, because otherwise, the flour particles would settle at the bottom. This property is crucial in various fields like medicine, environmental science, and engineering.