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Chapter 6: Problem 11

Differentiate the following: (a) Open traverse and closed traverse (b) Perpendicular offset and oblique offset (c) Prismatic compass and surveyor's compass (d) True bearing and magnetic bearing (e) Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing (f) Fore bearing and back bearing

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Differentiate between open traverse and closed traverse. Answer: Open traverse is a series of connected lines which does not form a closed shape, having different starting and endpoint, often used when surveying along a linear route. Closed traverse is a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, with the same starting and endpoint, often used for surveying property boundaries or areas.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Open Traverse and Closed Traverse

Open traverse is a series of connected lines which does not form a closed shape. The starting point and endpoint are different. Often used when surveying along a linear route, such as a roadway or a river. Closed traverse, on the other hand, is a series of connected lines forming a closed loop. The starting point and endpoint are the same. It is often used for surveying property boundaries or areas.
02

(b) Perpendicular Offset and Oblique Offset

Perpendicular offset is the distance measured at right angles from the survey line to a feature or object. It is used to accurately locate features or points that are not lying on the survey line. Oblique offset refers to the distance measured at any angle other than 90 degrees from the survey line to the feature or object. This method is less accurate and is used when it is difficult or not practical to take perpendicular offsets.
03

(c) Prismatic Compass and Surveyor's Compass

A prismatic compass is a compass that has a prism attached to the eye-piece, allowing the user to view both the compass needle and the object being sighted at the same time. The compass bearings are measured as whole circle bearings. A surveyor's compass, on the other hand, does not have a prism, and the user needs to look at the compass needle and the object being sighted separately by moving their eye between the two. The compass bearings are measured as quadrantal or reduced bearings.
04

(d) True Bearing and Magnetic Bearing

True bearing is the angle measured clockwise from true north (the geographical north) to a line connecting the observer and the object being sighted. Magnetic bearing is the angle measured clockwise from magnetic north (the direction in which the compass needle points) to a line connecting the observer and the object being sighted. Magnetic bearings are affected by local magnetic variations and need to be corrected using declination values to obtain true bearings.
05

(e) Whole Circle Bearing and Reduced Bearing

Whole circle bearing (WCB) is a bearing system that measures angles from the true or magnetic north in a clockwise direction, ranging from 0° to 360°. Reduced bearing (RB) is a bearing system that measures angles from either north or south, towards east or west, ranging from 0° to 90°. Whole circle bearings are commonly used in prismatic compass surveys while reduced bearings are used in surveyor's compass surveys.
06

(f) Fore Bearing and Back Bearing

Fore bearing is the angle measured clockwise from the observer's meridian (true or magnetic) to the line connecting the observer to the next station or point along the survey line in the direction of progress. Back bearing is the angle measured clockwise from the observer's meridian to the same line connecting the observer to the next station or point, but in the opposite direction (180° away from the fore bearing). Fore and back bearings are used in traverse surveys to determine the direction and position of survey points.

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