Discuss the main points of Werner theory. What is the significance?

In coordination chemistry, Alfred Werner's groundbreaking theory introduced the concepts of primary and secondary valencies. The primary valencies are akin to the classical valences we learn in general chemistry and refer to the normal ionic bonds formed between a metal ion and its anions. These valencies are typically ionizable, meaning they can be identified in solution by the electrical charge they carry.

Secondary valencies are quite different. They describe the coordination bonds, a unique kind of bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between the metal and, typically, neutral molecules or anions known as ligands. These valencies are directional, meaning they help dictate the shape of the complex, and are non-ionizable—they do not dissociate in solution. Werner's distinction between these two valencies was crucial in understanding the structure and reactivity of coordination compounds.

Werner didn't just stop at the valencies; he also delved into the geometry of complexes. He suggested that the arrangement of ligands around a central atom, which is guided by secondary valencies, can be highly ordered. This spatial arrangement greatly impacts the compound's properties. Werner postulated that with a coordination number of 4, the geometry of the complex is tetrahedral. To visualize this, imagine four ligands positioned at the corners of a pyramid with a triangular base, all equidistant from the metal atom at the center.

When the coordination number rises to 6, the geometry becomes octahedral. Picture a complex where six ligands are symmetrically arranged around the central metal atom, like the vertices of two back-to-back pyramids (an octahedron). This geometric understanding was revolutionary, helping chemists predict and explain the properties and reactivity patterns of various coordination complexes.

The ionization in coordination compounds can seem complex, but Werner's theory provides clarity. He stated that when coordination compounds interact with an ionizing medium, such as water, only the primary valencies can ionize and form free ions. In contrast, secondary valencies remain intact; they do not ionize. This means that the ligands attached through secondary valencies remain connected to the central metal atom.

To further understand this, think of a coordination compound dissolving in water. The anions satisfying the primary valencies may break away as the compound ionizes, but the coordination sphere—the central metal bonded to its ligands via secondary valencies—does not fall apart. This selective ionization is essential for understanding reactions in solution and forms the basis for many applications of coordination chemistry, from industrial catalysts to biological enzymes.