What do you mean by auto-ionisation? Illustrate your answer with the help of suitable examples.

Autoionization, also known as self-ionization, is the process by which water molecules (H₂O) spontaneously form ions without the need for any external reactant. At any given moment, a tiny percentage of water molecules will dissociate into positively charged hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH^-). The chemical reaction representing this equilibrium is expressed as:

\[2H_{2}O \leftrightarrow H_{3}O^{+} + OH^{-}\]

This equilibrium is dynamic and reversible, meaning that the ions also regularly recombine to form water molecules. Even though this process involves a small fraction of molecules, it is essential for the properties of water and its role as a solvent.

A hydronium ion is a water molecule that has gained an extra proton. It is represented by the formula H₃O⁺ and plays a fundamental role in the chemistry of acids and bases. When a water molecule acquires a proton from another water molecule during autoionization, the resulting hydronium ion is formed. It is a positive ion due to the presence of one additional proton compared to its number of electrons.

This ion is very important in the pH scale, which measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. The concentration of hydronium ions is directly related to a solution's pH; a higher concentration indicates a more acidic solution, while a lower concentration suggests a more basic or alkaline solution.

The hydroxide ion, with the chemical formula OH^-, is the counterpart to the hydronium ion in the autoionization of water. It is formed when a water molecule loses a proton. This negatively charged ion is highly reactive and is involved in many chemical reactions, particularly those concerning bases.

In solutions, hydroxide ions combine with hydrogen ions to form water, and their concentration is also used to gauge the pH of the solution. Solutions with a high concentration of hydroxide ions are considered basic or alkaline.

Similar to water, ammonia (NH₃) can also undergo autoionization. In this process, one ammonia molecule donates a proton to another, forming an ammonium ion (NH_4⁺) and an amide ion (NH_2^-). The chemical equation for this reversible reaction is:

\[2NH_{3} \leftrightarrow NH_{4}^{+} + NH_{2}^{-}\]

The ability of ammonia to autoionize, although less common than water, is a significant aspect of its behavior as a base. This reaction contributes to the basic nature of ammonia solutions.

Proton transfer is a key chemical process that involves the movement of a proton from one molecule to another. It is fundamental to the mechanisms of acid-base chemistry. In the context of autoionization, a proton transfer occurs when a molecule like water or ammonia donates a proton (H⁺) to another molecule of the same substance.

This transfer can be depicted by the chemical equations for water and ammonia autoionization, highlighting that autoionization is an example of proton transfer. Proton transfer reactions are also crucial in many biological systems, including enzyme function and cellular respiration.