a. nucleotide, \(G\) b. not a nucleotide c. not a nucleotide d. not a nucleotide

Deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA, carries the hereditary information that's passed down from parents to offspring. It is comprised of two long strands that form a double helix, held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nucleotide bases. These strands are made up of repeating units called nucleotides, each consisting of three components: a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G).

The sequence of these bases is what encodes genetic information. In DNA structure, the bases pair in specific ways: adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine, forming the 'steps' of the helix's 'ladder'. This pairing is crucial for DNA replication and function.

Understanding DNA structure is essential because it is the blueprint for all genetic information within an organism. During cell division, DNA replicates ensuring that each new cell inherits a complete set of genetic instructions.

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a single-stranded molecule which plays a vital role in the expression of genetic information. Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides, but there are three main differences in their structure.

First, the sugar molecule in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose as found in DNA. Second, instead of thymine, RNA contains uracil (U), which pairs with adenine. Lastly, RNA is typically single-stranded and doesn't form a double helix like DNA. Despite being single-stranded, RNA can fold into complex three-dimensional shapes, allowing it to interact with other molecules within the cell.

RNA serves multiple functions but is most known for its role in translating the genetic code from DNA into proteins, through processes called transcription and translation. Understanding the structure of RNA is crucial to grasp how it can perform these various functions.

The genetic 'alphabet' consists of four letters: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) or uracil (U) in RNA. These letters represent the nitrogenous bases that are part of nucleotides—the fundamental building blocks of genetic material.

A nucleotide is composed of three parts: a phosphate group that provides structural integrity and backbone to DNA or RNA, a sugar molecule—deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA—that attaches to the phosphate and the base, and the nitrogenous base that carries genetic information. This makes nucleotides the monomers of nucleic acids.

Understanding nucleotides is essential in biochemistry and genetics as they are involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including DNA replication and the synthesis of RNA and proteins. All living organisms rely on these genetic building blocks to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next.