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Mobile App Chapter 19: Problem 75
a. glycoside linkage-carbohydrates b. peptide bonds-proteins c. ester linkage-triglycerides
Short Answer
Expert verified
Glycoside linkages join monosaccharides in carbohydrates. Peptide bonds connect amino acids in proteins. Ester linkages bind fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides.
Step by step solution
01
Identifying glycoside linkages in carbohydrates
Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds that connect monosaccharide units to form polysaccharides in carbohydrates. They are formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction where a hydroxyl (OH) group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another, releasing a molecule of water and forming the glycosidic bond.
02
Identifying peptide bonds in proteins
A peptide bond is a covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein chain. It is formed in a dehydration synthesis reaction where the carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid reacts with the amino group (NH2) of another amino acid, releasing a water molecule and forming the peptide bond.
03
Identifying ester linkages in triglycerides
Ester linkages are bonds between the glycerol molecule and fatty acids in triglycerides (fats and oils). Each ester linkage is formed when the hydroxyl group of glycerol reacts with the carboxyl group of a fatty acid through a dehydration synthesis reaction, releasing water and forming an ester bond.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Glycosidic Linkages
Glycosidic linkages are pivotal in the architecture of carbohydrates. Imagine them as the sturdy connectors that join individual sugar units, known as monosaccharides, into larger, more complex structures like starches and cellulose. The process through which they are created, dehydration synthesis, is akin to removing a water molecule to snugly fit two sugars together. This bond is what gives polysaccharides their strength and stability, turning simple sugars into complex carbs necessary for energy storage and structural support in plants and animals.
- Dehydration synthesis ensures that sugars can be efficiently linked.
- Glycosidic bonds are essential for the formation of digestible and indigestible polysaccharides.
- Understanding these linkages helps us unravel how carbohydrates fulfill their diverse roles.
Peptide Bonds
Peptide bonds are the backbone of proteins, acting like the rungs of a ladder joining amino acid 'steps'. These bonds form during another dehydration synthesis reaction where the amino group of one amino acid merges with the carboxyl group of another. Proteins, the end product, perform a plethora of functions within organisms, such as catalyzing reactions, signaling cells, and maintaining structural integrity. A strong grasp of peptide bonds hence provides insight into the complexity of protein structure and function.
- Proteins are more than just dietary components; they are molecular machines built on peptide bonds.
- Comprehending these bonds is crucial for understanding enzymes and muscle fibers alike.
Ester Linkages
Ester linkages join the dance of biochemical bonds by connecting glycerol to fatty acids to form triglycerides, the storage form of fats. Like our previous examples, these bonds are also a result of dehydration synthesis. They allow fat molecules to store massive amounts of energy, which organisms can tap into when required. Grasping the structure of ester bonds aids in understanding how fats are broken down for energy or constructed for storage.
- These linkages are the reason fats can act as long-term energy reserves.
- They play a vital role in biological membranes and the insulation of organisms.
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis is the chemical scriptwriter for some of the most crucial scenes in biochemistry. It directs the formation of glycosidic, peptide, and ester bonds by eliminating a water molecule each time two molecules bond together. This conservation of energy and materials is ingenious, as it forms polymers like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are essential for life. Breaking down this process illuminates the efficiency of nature's assembly line.
- Dehydration synthesis is a key reaction in forming the macromolecules of life.
- It's a prime example of how organisms use simple reactions to build complex structures.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are like the bulk suppliers in the world of carbohydrates, providing ample storage and sturdy structural materials. They are formed when multiple monosaccharides are linked together via glycosidic bonds. Their long chains can be either branched or unbranched, which influences how they behave and how energy is released when they're metabolized. Examples include the energy-supplying glycogen in animals, and starch in plants, as well as the robust cellulose found in plant cell walls. These complex carbs are a testament to the incredible building capacity of simple sugars.
- Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are integral players in both energy storage and structural support.
Proteins
Proteins are the versatile workers inside living organisms, carrying out a variety of tasks thanks to their complex structures. The fundamental structure of proteins, a string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds, is dictated by genetic information. Their varied shapes allow them to function as enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, and structural components among others. Each protein's unique structure dictates its unique function, demonstrating the sophistication behind these polypeptides.
- From antibodies to enzymes, proteins play divergent but critical roles inside cells.
- Their study is essential for fields ranging from nutrition to medical research.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are essentially the storage units for unused calories within the body. They're composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester bonds. This structure is what your body looks to when it needs energy between meals, tapping into these dense energy repositories. Too much stored in the wrong places, however, can be a hazard, adding to the importance of understanding how they function and affect overall health.
- They provide long-term energy storage, insulation, and protection.
- Their metabolism is a key topic in energy balance and health discussions.
