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Chapter 12: Problem 153

Which would you expect to release the most hydration energy when dissolved in water: \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}(\mathrm{I}), \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}(l)\), or \(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{18}(I) ?\) Which would you expect to release the least hydration energy? Explain your answers.

Short Answer

Expert verified
When dissolved in water, CH3CH2OH(l) is expected to release the most hydration energy due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. On the other hand, C8H18(l) is expected to release the least hydration energy as it cannot form hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules. CH3Cl(l) will release a moderate amount of hydration energy due to its dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules.

Step by step solution

01

Understand hydration energy

Hydration energy is the energy released when one mole of a solute forms an aqueous solution with water. The greater the hydration energy, the more stable and soluble the solute is in water. This energy is determined by the solute's interactions with water molecules, primarily through hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions.
02

Analyze CH3CH2OH(l)

The molecule CH3CH2OH(l), or ethanol, has an -OH functional group, which is capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. As a result, ethanol will have strong interactions with water, leading to the release of a significant amount of hydration energy.
03

Analyze CH3Cl(l)

In the case of CH3Cl(l), the chlorine atom has a higher electronegativity than carbon, making the C-Cl bond polar. This polar bond creates a dipole-dipole interaction between the CH3Cl(l) and water molecules. While this interaction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding, it will still lead to the release of hydration energy when CH3Cl(l) dissolves in water.
04

Analyze C8H18(l)

C8H18(l), or octane, is a nonpolar molecule with only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Due to its nonpolar nature, octane cannot form hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules. As a result, the hydration energy of octane will be significantly lower than that of the other two compounds mentioned.
05

Compare hydration energies

Based on the analysis of each compound's structure and interactions with water molecules, we can infer that: 1. CH3CH2OH(l) will release the most hydration energy due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 2. CH3Cl(l) will release a moderate amount of hydration energy due to its dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules. 3. C8H18(l) will release the least hydration energy as it cannot form hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules. So, CH3CH2OH(l) is expected to release the most hydration energy, and C8H18(l) is expected to release the least hydration energy when dissolved in water.

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When \(5.00 \mathrm{~g}\) of a solute is dissolved in sufficient solvent to produce \(100.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of solution, (a) What is the percent by mass/volume concentration of the solute? (b) What additional information do you need to calculate the percent by mass concentration of the solute, and how would you calculate that concentration once you had the missing information?

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