How many DNA bases are there? Name them and give their abbreviations.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecular carrier of genetic information in almost all living organisms and some viruses. The role of DNA is integral as it instructs cells on how to function and reproduce, essentially acting as a biological blueprint.

Genetic information is encoded within the sequence of the DNA bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These sequences are read by the cell machinery to synthesize proteins, which in turn dictate an organism's traits, such as eye color, height, and even susceptibility to certain diseases.

Understanding the specific sequence of bases and how they encode genetic information is crucial for fields such as genetics, biotechnology, and medicine, as it can provide insights into gene function and the molecular underpinnings of health and disease.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, which resembles a spiraling ladder or twisted staircase. This form was famously described by Francis Crick and James Watson, with the help of Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images.

Within this structure, the DNA bases pair up across the two strands of the helix: adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. The strands are composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone, with each sugar molecule attached to one of the four types of bases.

The Double Helix

Imagine the double helix as the skeleton of the DNA structure, where the sugar-phosphate backbone makes up the sides of the 'ladder,' while the base pairs form the rungs. The entire DNA molecule is tightly coiled into chromosomes within the nucleus of every cell, compactly storing the vast amounts of genetic information needed to maintain life.

Base pairing is the specific hydrogen bonding between DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA molecule. This crucial feature of DNA structure ensures that the genetic information is accurately copied during DNA replication.

The consistency of base pairing—adenine (A) with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)—is known as complementary base pairing. This means that if one strand of the DNA has a sequence of bases like 'AGTC,' the opposite strand will read 'TCAG.'

Chargaff's Rules

In line with Erwin Chargaff's rules, the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine, and the number of cytosine molecules is always equal to guanine in a DNA molecule. This pairing is also responsible for the variety and uniqueness of genetic information among individuals, as the sequences in which these bases are arranged can vary infinitely within the constraints of base pairing.