Which of the following reactions does not yield an amine? (a) \(\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{X}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \longrightarrow\) (b) \(\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{NOH}+[\mathrm{H}] \stackrel{\mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}}{\longrightarrow}\) (c) \(\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CN}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \stackrel{\mathrm{H}^{+}}{\longrightarrow}\) (d) \(\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CONH}_{2}+4[\mathrm{H}] \stackrel{\mathrm{LiAlH}_{4}}{\longrightarrow}\)

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are a class of reactions where a nucleophile, often a compound containing a nitrogen or oxygen atom with a lone pair of electrons, displaces another group in a molecule. In the context of creating amines, these reactions involve an attack by a nucleophile such as ammonia (3), which contains a nitrogen atom with a lone pair, on an alkyl halide (R-X). The halide (X) acts as a leaving group, and the nucleophile takes its place, forming an alkine as a product. This process is commonly used in the synthesis of amines from alkyl halides and is an essential mechanism in organic chemistry.
For students looking to understand this mechanism, it's crucial to recognize the role of the nucleophile and the leaving group. Moreover, factors such as the type of halide (primary, secondary, tertiary) and the reaction conditions (solvent, temperature) greatly impact the reaction's outcome.

Oximes are functional groups obtained typically by the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine (NH2OH). They have a general structure of R-CH=NOHNa,C2H5OHNa], ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH2H), often in the form of hydride donors, are used to convert the oxime into a primary amine.
Students learning about the reduction of oximes should focus on understanding the change in oxidation state of the central carbon atom. Additionally, it's helpful to be familiar with the specific reducing agents used in these reactions and the conditions under which the reduction occurs effectively, such as the presence of a metal catalyst.

Hydrolysis of nitriles involves the reaction of a nitrile group (R-CNH+H), with water (H2O)H3O+) to eventually produce a carboxylic acid. Initially, the reaction forms an amide, which then undergoes further hydrolysis to give the acid. In these reactions, the carbon-nitrogen triple bond is attacked by the water molecule in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+).
This process is an important way to convert nitriles to carboxylic acids or their derivatives. Students should pay attention to the transformation of the functional group and the conditions required for these reactions, such as the use of acid catalysis and the need for heat.

The reduction of amides to amines is a valuable transformation in organic synthesis. Amides (R-CONH2LiAlH4), which provides an ample supply of hydride ions ([H]), this reducing agent donates electrons to the carbonyl carbon of the amide, breaking the carbon-nitrogen double bond and replacing it with a carbon-nitrogen single bond, leading to the formation of an amine.
For those studying organic chemistry, remembering the specific reducing agent and its reactivity can aid in predicting the products of such reactions. It should be noted that LiAlH4) is a potent reducing agent capable of performing reductions that milder agents cannot. Care should also be taken in handling such reagents as they are highly reactive, especially with water and protic solvents.