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Chapter 11: Problem 215

Nitration by nitric acid alone is believed to proceed by essentially the same mechanism as nitration in the presence of sulfuric acid. Write an equation for the generation of \(\mathrm{NO}_{2} \oplus\) from nitric acid alone.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The generation of the $\mathrm{NO_2^+}$ cation from nitric acid alone proceeds through the following equation: \[ \mathrm{2HNO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{NO_2^+} + \mathrm{NO_3^-} \].

Step by step solution

01

Identify the reaction species

Nitric acid has the chemical formula HNO3. We are looking for a reaction that produces NO2+.
02

Write down the first-step reaction

In the nitration process, the first step is the generation of a reactive ion. When nitric acid dissociates, it produces a hydronium ion and a nitrate ion. Write this dissociation as follows: \[ \mathrm{HNO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_3O^+} + \mathrm{NO_3^-} \]
03

Generate the NO2+ ion

Nitric acid further dissociates into water and nitrogen dioxide cations (NO2+). Write this dissociation as: \[ \mathrm{H_3O^+} + \mathrm{NO_3^-} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{NO_2^+} \]
04

Combine the reactions to generate the NO2+ cation

Now, we have the two reactions responsible for creating the NO2+ cation. Combine these reactions to get the final equation for the generation of the NO2+ cation from nitric acid alone: \[ \mathrm{2HNO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{NO_2^+} + \mathrm{NO_3^-} \]

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