Explain how the following alcohols are named using the IUPAC system of nomenclature:

In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system of nomenclature, there are specific rules for naming organic compounds, including alcohols. These rules include the following key steps: 1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the hydroxyl (-OH) group. 2. Replace the '-e' ending of the parent alkane name with '-ol' to denote the presence of alcohol functional group. 3. Assign the lowest possible locant (number) to the alcohol functional group. 4. Name and assign locants to any substituents (like alkyl or halogen groups) on the carbon chain. 5. Arrange the substituents in alphabetical order. 6. Combine the name and locants (number) of substituents, parent chain, and hydroxyl group to form the complete IUPAC name.

Identify the longest continuous carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group. This longest chain determines the parent chain's base name. Types of alcohol include primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) depending on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Primary alcohol (1°): When the -OH group is attached to a primary carbon atom (carbon with only one other carbon atom connected to it). Secondary alcohol (2°): When the -OH group is attached to a secondary carbon atom (carbon with two other carbon atoms connected to it). Tertiary alcohol (3°): When the -OH group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom (carbon with three other carbon atoms connected to it).

Assign the lowest possible locant (number) to the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group should always get the lowest possible number compared to other substituents.

Identify any substituents (like alkyl or halogen groups) on the carbon chain and give them the appropriate IUPAC name. Assign locants to the substituents such that they have lower numbers than the alcohol group and choose the numbering that yields the lowest possible locants for all substituents.

Arrange the named substituents in alphabetical order to form the final IUPAC name.

Combine the name and locants of substituents, the parent chain, and the hydroxyl group to form the complete IUPAC name. To demonstrate the process, let's go through an example:

1. The longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group has 5 carbons, so it is called pentane. 2. The -OH group makes it an alcohol, so we change 'pentane' to 'pentanol.' 3. The hydroxyl group is on the 2nd carbon, so we have "pentan-2-ol." 4. The substituent, a methyl group, is on the 3rd carbon, which we name as "3-methyl." 5. There is only one substituent, so no need for alphabetical arrangement in this example. 6. Combining everything, we get "3-methylpentan-2-ol" as the IUPAC name.