Without referring to tables, arrange the compounds of each set in order of basicity: (a) ammonia, aniline, eyelohexylamine (b) ethylamine, 2 -aminoethanol, 3 -amino-1-propanol (c) aniline, p-methoxyaniline, p-nitroaniline.

First, let's analyze the structures of these three compounds. 1. Ammonia (NH3) has a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. 2. Aniline (C6H5NH2) is an aromatic amine with a nitrogen atom attached to a benzene ring. 3. Cyclohexylamine (C6H11NH2) is an aliphatic amine with a nitrogen atom attached to a cyclohexane ring. Since the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons, it can donate these electrons and therefore act as a base. In aniline, the lone pair of nitrogen's electrons is partially involved in the resonance with the benzene ring, which reduces its basicity compared to ammonia. Cyclohexylamine's nitrogen atom is not involved in any resonance, so it should be the most basic among the three. Therefore, the order of basicity for set (a) is: Cyclohexylamine > Ammonia > Aniline

In this set, we have: 1. Ethylamine (C2H5NH2) is a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons attached to an ethyl group. 2. 2-aminoethanol (HOCH2CH2NH2) has an amino group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom. 3. 3-amino-1-propanol (H2NCH2CH2CH2OH) has an amino group and a hydroxyl group separated by a methylene (-CH2-) group. All the compounds have a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons that can donate and act as a base. The difference in basicity in these compounds will be due to inductive and hydrogen bonding effects. In 2-aminoethanol, the electronegative oxygen atom from the hydroxyl group can withdraw electrons from the nitrogen, reducing its basicity. In 3-amino-1-propanol, the electron-withdrawing effect of the oxygen atom is reduced due to the methylene group serving as a spacer. Therefore, the order of basicity for set (b) is: Ethylamine > 3-amino-1-propanol > 2-aminoethanol

In this set, all three compounds are derivatives of aniline (C6H5NH2) with different substituents on the benzene ring: 1. Aniline - no substituent on the benzene ring. 2. p-Methoxyaniline (C6H4(NH2)OCH3) - has a methoxy group (-OCH3) at the para position. 3. p-Nitroaniline (C6H4(NH2)NO2) - has a nitro group (-NO2) at the para position. When comparing these compounds' basicity, we need to consider the electron-donating or withdrawing effects of the substituents. Methoxy group is an electron-donating group, which increases the electron density on the nitrogen atom, increasing the basicity compared to aniline. The nitro group is an electron-withdrawing group that reduces the electron density on the nitrogen atom, decreasing its basicity compared to aniline. Thus, the order of basicity for set (c) is: p-Methoxyaniline > Aniline > p-Nitroaniline