Camphor can be made on an industrial scale from \(\alpha\) -pinene (turpentine) by the following reactions, some of which involve carbonium-ion rearrangements of a type particularly prevalent in the bicyclic terpenes and the scourge of the earlier workers in the field trying to determine terpene structures.

The conversion of α-pinene to camphor involves a series of chemical reactions: 1. Isomerization of α-pinene to camphene: \[ \text{α-pinene} \rightarrow \text{camphene} \] 2. Hydration of camphene to isoborneol, catalyzed by H₂SO₄: \[ \text{camphene} + \text{H₂O} \xrightarrow[\text{H₂SO₄}]{\text{catalyst}} \text{isoborneol} \] 3. Carbonium-ion rearrangement, converting isoborneol to borneol: \[ \text{isoborneol} \rightarrow \text{borneol} \] 4. Oxidation of borneol to camphor using Jones reagent: \[ \text{borneol} + \text{CrO₃} \xrightarrow[\text{H₂SO₄}]{\text{catalyst}} \text{camphor} + \text{Cr(III) salt} \] During this process, the structural formulas of reactants and products should be shown to emphasize the changes in the molecules.