Describe the catalytic hydrogenation reaction of alkenes.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond, represented by the general formula CnH2n. The double bond in alkenes makes them more reactive than their corresponding alkanes, which have only single bonds between carbon atoms, and hence open up the possibilities for various reactions, including hydrogenation.

Catalytic hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where a reactant, in this case alkenes, reacts with hydrogen molecules (H2) in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is responsible for speeding up the reaction without being consumed during the process, and it is usually a transition metal such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or nickel (Ni). The main purpose of this reaction is to add hydrogen atoms to the double bond of the alkene, resulting in the formation of an alkane.

The catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes follows the following steps: 1. Hydrogen molecule (H2) adsorbs onto the catalyst's surface and becomes weakly bound to it. This process allows the molecule to split into two hydrogen atoms. 2. The alkene molecule also adsorbs onto the catalytic surface, near the previously adsorbed hydrogen atoms. In this process, the double bond of the alkene interacts with the catalyst and breaks. 3. The two hydrogen atoms form single covalent bonds with the two formerly double-bonded carbon atoms. These bonds lead to the formation of an alkane molecule. 4. The alkane molecule releases from the catalytic surface, and a new reaction cycle can begin. The overall reaction of catalytic hydrogenation for an alkene can be represented as: \[ \text{alkene} + \text{H}_{2(g)} \xrightarrow{\text{catalyst}} \text{alkane} \]

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is an essential process in the organic chemistry and chemical industry. This reaction allows the conversion of unsaturated compounds into their saturated forms, which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and chemical feedstocks. In the food industry, the hydrogenation of vegetable oils produces solidified fats, which are essential for various products such as margarine and shortenings. By understanding the concepts of alkenes, catalytic hydrogenation, the reaction mechanism, and the applications of this reaction, we can effectively describe the catalytic hydrogenation reaction of alkenes.