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Chapter 2: Problem 9

Use the halogens \((\mathrm{X}=\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Br}\), or I) to draw all possible molecules \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{X}_{2}\). For example, \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br} \mathrm{Cl}\) is one answer.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Possible molecules are: \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{F}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{Cl}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{Br}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{I}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FCl} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FBr} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FI} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{ClBr} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{ClI} \), and \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{BrI} \).

Step by step solution

01

- Identify halogens

List all halogens given in the problem which are \(\text{Fluorine (F)}, \text{Chlorine (Cl)}, \text{Bromine (Br)}, \text{Iodine (I)}\).
02

- Determine the molecule structure

The molecule structure is given as \( \text{CH}_{2}\text{X}_{2} \). This means two hydrogen atoms and two halogen atoms attached to a central carbon atom.
03

- Draw molecules with identical halogens

Create molecules where the two halogens are the same: \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{F}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{Cl}_{2} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{Br}_{2} \), and \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{I}_{2} \).
04

- Draw molecules with different halogens

Create molecules where the two halogens are different: \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FCl} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FBr} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FI} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{ClBr} \), \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{ClI} \), and \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{BrI} \).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

halogens
Halogens are a group of elements in the periodic table. They include Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I). These elements are in Group 17. They are known for being highly reactive, especially with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
Halogens are typically found in compounds rather than in pure form.
  • Fluorine (F) is the most reactive halogen and is used in toothpaste to prevent cavities.
  • Chlorine (Cl) is commonly used to disinfect water.
  • Bromine (Br) is often found in flame retardants.
  • Iodine (I) is essential for thyroid function and is added to table salt.
Understanding the reactivity and properties of halogens helps in predicting their behavior in different chemical reactions.
molecular structure
Molecular structure refers to the arrangement of atoms within a molecule. In the case of halogenated hydrocarbons, the molecule \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{X}_{2}\) consists of a central carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and two halogen atoms.
The structure of the molecule determines its physical and chemical properties.
  • The geometry of \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{X}_{2}\) molecule is typically tetrahedral, meaning the central carbon is at the center of a tetrahedron.
  • The angles between the bonds are about 109.5 degrees.
Understanding the molecular structure allows chemists to predict the behavior of the molecule during chemical reactions and interactions with other molecules.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies compounds primarily made of carbon and hydrogen but may also include other elements like halogens.
Organic chemistry deals with a wide range of compounds, from simple molecules like methane to complex polymers and biomolecules.
  • Halogenated hydrocarbons, like \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{X}_{2}\), are a significant area of study in organic chemistry.
  • These compounds are used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, and in pharmaceuticals.
Learning about organic chemistry is essential for understanding biological processes, developing new materials, and creating new chemical reactions.
isomerism
Isomerism is a phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. This leads to different physical and chemical properties. In halogenated hydrocarbons, isomerism can be seen when different halogens occupy different positions on the carbon chain.
  • For the molecule \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{X}_{2}\), isomers would include different combinations of halogens like \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{FCl}\) and \(\text{CH}_{2}\text{BrI}\) etc.
  • Isomers can have different boiling points, reactivities, and even toxicities.
Understanding isomerism is crucial in fields like pharmaceuticals and materials science, where the arrangement of atoms can dramatically impact the effectiveness and safety of a compound.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw all possible molecules of the formula \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{X}_{2}, \mathrm{CHX}_{3}\), and \(\mathrm{CX}_{4}\) when \(\mathrm{X}\) is \(\mathrm{F}\) or \(\mathrm{Cl}\).

Draw Newman projections for the staggered conformations of ethyl chloride \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{Cl}\right)\) and 1,2 -dichloroethane \(\left(\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{Cl}\right)\). In the second case, there are two staggered conformations of different energy. Can you estimate which is more stable?

You recently saw a transition state, although the term wasn't used. Where? Hint: Where have we described two forms of a molecule that interconvert by passing through another species? It is close by.

Consider the ammonium ion \(\left({ }^{+} \mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)\). Predict the hybridization of the nitrogen and the shape of the molecule.

Make a three-dimensional drawing of propyl alcohol \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{OH}\right)\) and one of the related isopropyl alcohol \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CHOH}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right) .\)
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