Question: Draw the organic product of each reaction.

a.

b.

c.

d.

The nucleophile is able to replace the leaving groups due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on it. The nucleophile donates its lone pair of electrons to the electrophile and forms a bond.

The nucleophile is added to the organic compounds by the direct attack of it or by the formation of a carbocation.

The direct attack of nucleophile is known as ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}}2$reaction. The addition via the formation f carbocation is known as an ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}}1$reaction

The given reactions are the ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}}2$reaction type in which the nucleophiles directly attack the electrophilic carbon and replace the leaving group.

a.

The is the nucleophile in this reaction, and the carbon in C-Br bond is an electrophilic position where nucleophile attacks and replaces the Br group as:

Nucleophilic attack

b.

The is the nucleophile in this reaction, and the carbon in C-Cl bond is an electrophilic position where nucleophile attacks and replaces the Cl group as:

Nucleophilic attack

c.

The is the nucleophile in this reaction, and the carbon in the C-I bond is an electrophilic position where nucleophile attacks and replaces the I group as:

Nucleophilic attack

d.

The is the nucleophile in this reaction, and the carbon in the C-I bond is an electrophilic position where nucleophile attacks and replaces the I group as:

Nucleophilic attack