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Chapter 16: PROBLEM 16.9 (page 613)

Question. Determine the hybridization of the labelled atom in each species.

a.

b.

c.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Answer

a. sp2

b.sp2

c.sp2

Step by step solution

01

Hybridization

The process of combining or overlapping atomic orbitals to form new orbitals called hybrid orbitals preferable for bond formation is known as “hybridization.”

The p-orbitals would overlap during the delocalization of the non-bonded electrons. This would affect the hybridization of the atom involved.

02

Predicting hybridization of radicals

a. The labeled C is surrounded by three groups, namely two atoms and one non-bonded electron pair such that the carbon is sp2 hybridized.

sp2 hybridized C atom

b. Since delocalization would stabilize the compound, the charge on oxygen can be delocalized through the overlap of the p-orbital. The oxygen atom is sp2hybridized.

sp2 hybridized O atom

c. This is a three allyl system with two resonating structures. To delocalize the lone pair and make the system conjugated, the C atom must be sp2 hybridized.

sp2 hybridized C atom

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Question: Devise a stepwise mechanism for the conversion of M to N. N has been converted in several steps to lysergic acid, a naturally occurring precursor of the hallucinogen LSD (Figure 18.4).

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b.

c.

d.

Question. Draw the structure consistent with each description.

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b. (3E,5Z)-nona-3,5-diene in the s-cis conformation

c. (3Z,5Z)-4,5-dimethyldeca-3,5-diene. Draw both the s-cis and s-trans conformations.
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