Different organic compounds can be synthesized by treating simple organic compounds with varying reagents in a sequential manner.

Synthesis of compound a

Toluene, on reaction with bromine molecule in the presence of ferric bromide, yields p-bromotoluene.

The treatment of p-bromotoluene with butyryl chloride in the presence of substitutes the butyryl group on the meta position of p-bromotoluene (Friedel-Crafts acylation).

The methyl group can be converted into the alcohol functional group by transforming it into alkyl bromide and then treating it by a base.

Synthesis of compound b

Synthesis of compound b involves the following steps:

• Friedel-Crafts acylation on toluene (using butyryl chloride and )
• Nitration of p-butyryl toluene
• Reduction of carbonyl group using (Wolff-Kishner reduction)
• Reduction of to by hydrogenation

Synthesis of compound c

Synthesis of compound c involves the following steps:

• Friedel-Crafts acylation on toluene (using butyryl chloride and )
• Chlorination of p-butyryl toluene
• Conversion of methyl group to methyl bromide
• Conversion of alkyl bromide to alcohol
• Oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde