Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent or polar covalent or state that ions are formed. (a) \(\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{H}\) (b) \(\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{H}\) (c) \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{F}\) (d) \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Cl}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Classify the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic: (a) S-H, (b) P-H, (c) C-F, and (d) C-Cl. Answer: (a) S-H is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) P-H is a nonpolar covalent bond. (c) C-F is a polar covalent bond. (d) C-Cl is a polar covalent bond.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Determine electronegativity difference for S-H bond

The electronegativity value for sulfur (S) is 2.58, and for hydrogen (H) it is 2.20. Thus, the electronegativity difference between the two in the S-H bond is: \(|2.58 - 2.20| = 0.38\).
02

(a) Classify the S-H bond

Since the electronegativity difference is 0.38, which is less than 0.5, the S-H bond is considered a nonpolar covalent bond.
03

(b) Determine electronegativity difference for P-H bond

The electronegativity value for phosphorus (P) is 2.19, and for hydrogen (H) it is 2.20. Thus, the electronegativity difference between the two in the P-H bond is: \(|2.19 - 2.20| = 0.01\).
04

(b) Classify the P-H bond

Since the electronegativity difference is 0.01, which is less than 0.5, the P-H bond is considered a nonpolar covalent bond.
05

(c) Determine electronegativity difference for C-F bond

The electronegativity value for carbon (C) is 2.55, and for fluorine (F) it is 3.98. Thus, the electronegativity difference between the two in the C-F bond is: \(|2.55 - 3.98| = 1.43\).
06

(c) Classify the C-F bond

Since the electronegativity difference is 1.43, which is between 0.5 and 2.0, the C-F bond is considered a polar covalent bond.
07

(d) Determine electronegativity difference for C-Cl bond

The electronegativity value for carbon (C) is 2.55, and for chlorine (Cl) it is 3.16. Thus, the electronegativity difference between the two in the C-Cl bond is: \(|2.55 - 3.16| = 0.61\).
08

(d) Classify the C-Cl bond

Since the electronegativity difference is 0.61, which is between 0.5 and 2.0, the C-Cl bond is considered a polar covalent bond.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw structural formulas for (a) The eight alcohols with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\). (b) The eight aldehydes with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\). (c) The six ketones with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}\). (d) The eight carboxylic acids with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{2}\). (e) The nine carboxylic esters with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{2}\). \(\mathbf{1 . 4 8}\) Identify the functional groups in each compound.

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