Complete a net ionic equation for each proton-transfer reaction using curved arrows to show the flow of electron pairs in each reaction. In addition, write Lewis structures for all starting materials and products. Label the original acid and its conjugate base; label the original base and its conjugate acid. If you are uncertain about which substance in each equation is the proton donor, refer to Table \(4.1\) for the relative strengths of proton acids. (a) \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}+\mathrm{HCl} \rightleftharpoons\) (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}^{-}+\mathrm{HCl} \rightleftharpoons\) (c) \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \rightleftharpoons\) (d) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+} \rightleftharpoons\)

Step by step solution

01

(a) Identify the acid and base in the given reaction: NH3 + HCl

To identify the acid and base in the given reaction, look for the proton donor (the acid) and the proton acceptor (the base). In this case, HCl donates the proton (H+), so it is the acid. NH3 accepts the proton, so it is the base.

02

(a) Complete the net ionic equation

To complete the net ionic equation for the proton-transfer reaction, write the products by transferring the H+ ion from the acid to the base: NH3 + HCl → NH4+ + Cl-

03

(a) Draw Lewis structures for starting materials and products

The Lewis structures of the starting materials and products are as follows: NH3: ``` H | N--H | H ``` HCl: ``` H - Cl ``` NH4+: ``` H | N+-H | H ``` Cl-: ``` [Cl]- ```

04

(a) Label the original acid and its conjugate base; label the original base and its conjugate acid

The original acid is HCl, and its conjugate base is Cl-. The original base is NH3, and its conjugate acid is NH4+. -----------------------------

05

(b) Identify the acid and base in the given reaction: CH3CH2O- + HCl

In this case, HCl donates the proton (H+), so it is the acid. CH3CH2O- accepts the proton, so it is the base.

06

(b) Complete the net ionic equation

To complete the net ionic equation for the proton-transfer reaction, write the products by transferring the H+ ion from the acid to the base: CH3CH2O- + HCl → CH3CH2OH + Cl-

07

(b) Draw Lewis structures for starting materials and products

The Lewis structures of the starting materials and products are as follows: CH3CH2O-: ``` O- // C - C - H | | H H ``` HCl: ``` H - Cl ``` CH3CH2OH: ``` O // C - C - H | | H H ``` Cl-: ``` [Cl]- ```

08

(b) Label the original acid and its conjugate base; label the original base and its conjugate acid

The original acid is HCl, and its conjugate base is Cl-. The original base is CH3CH2O-, and its conjugate acid is CH3CH2OH. -----------------------------

09

(c) Identify the acid and base in the given reaction: HCO3- + OH-

In this case, HCO3- donates the proton (H+), so it is the acid. OH- accepts the proton, so it is the base.

10

(c) Complete the net ionic equation

To complete the net ionic equation for the proton-transfer reaction, write the products by transferring the H+ ion from the acid to the base: HCO3- + OH- → CO3^(2-) + H2O

11

(c) Draw Lewis structures for starting materials and products

The Lewis structures of the starting materials and products are as follows: HCO3-: ``` O // C | \ H O- ``` OH-: ``` O | H ``` CO3^(2-): ``` O // C | \ O- O ``` H2O: ``` O / \ H H ```

12

(c) Label the original acid and its conjugate base; label the original base and its conjugate acid

The original acid is HCO3-, and its conjugate base is CO3^(2-). The original base is OH-, and its conjugate acid is H2O. -----------------------------

13

(d) Identify the acid and base in the given reaction: CH3COO- + NH4+

In this case, NH4+ donates the proton (H+), so it is the acid. CH3COO- accepts the proton, so it is the base.

14

(d) Complete the net ionic equation

To complete the net ionic equation for the proton-transfer reaction, write the products by transferring the H+ ion from the acid to the base: CH3COO- + NH4+ → CH3COOH + NH3

15

(d) Draw Lewis structures for starting materials and products

The Lewis structures of the starting materials and products are as follows: CH3COO-: ``` O // C - C - O- | H ``` NH4+: ``` H | N+-H | H ``` CH3COOH: ``` O // C - C - O - H | H ``` NH3: ``` H | N--H | H ```

16

(d) Label the original acid and its conjugate base; label the original base and its conjugate acid

The original acid is NH4+, and its conjugate base is NH3. The original base is CH3COO-, and its conjugate acid is CH3COOH.

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