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Chapter 23: Q7. (page 1217)

Draw the Haworth projection for the cyclic structure of D-mannose by laying down the Fischer projection.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The Haworth projection for the cyclic structure of D-mannose is drawn below.

Haworth Projection

Step by step solution

01

Fisher Projection

Fischer projection depicts the three-dimensional structure of a molecule on a page, with horizontal lines representing bonds that extend above the plane of the paper, and vertical lines representing bonds that extend away from the viewer.

Fischer projection of D-mannose

02

Haworth Projection of D-mannose

In carbohydrates, closed cyclic structure of molecules is represented by Haworth projection. The distinction between the Fischer and Haworth projections is that the Fischer projection depicts the open chain structure whereas the Haworth projection depicts the closed cyclic structure.

Haworth Projection of D-mannose

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Give the products expected when (-)-erythrose reacts with HCN.

(b) What is the relationship between the products? How might they be separated?

(c) Are the products optically active? Explain.

. (a) An aliphatic aminoglycoside is relatively stable to base, but it is quickly hydrolyzed by dilute acid. Propose a mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.

(b) Ribonucleosides are not so easily hydrolyzed, requiring relatively strong acid. Using your mechanism for part (a), show why cytidine and adenosine (for example) are not so readily hydrolyzed. Explain why this stability is important for living organisms.

All of the rings of the four heterocyclic bases are aromatic. This is more apparent when the polar resonance forms of the amide groups are drawn, as is done for thymine at left. Redraw the hydrogen-bonded guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine pairs shown in figure 23-24, using the polar resonance forms of the amides. Show how these forms help to explain why the hydrogen bonds involved in these pairings are particularly strong. Remember that a hydrogen bond arises between an electron-deficient hydrogen atom and electron-rich pair of nonbonding electrons.

a) Draw D-allose, the C3 epimer of glucose.

b) Draw D-talose, the C2 epimer of D-galactose.

c) Draw D-idose, the C3 epimer of D-talose. Now compare your answers with Figure 23-3.

d) Draw the C4 “epimer” of D-xylose. Notice that this “epimer” is actually an L-series sugar, and we have seen its enantiomer. Give the correct name for this L-series sugar.

After a series of Kiliani–Fischer syntheses on (+)-glyceraldehyde, an unknown sugar is isolated from the reaction mixture. The following experimental information is obtained:

(1) Molecular formula C6H12O6

(2) Undergoes mutarotation.

(3) Reacts with bromine water to give an aldonic acid.

(4) Reacts with HNO3 to give an optically active aldaric acid.

(5) Ruff degradation followed by HNO3 oxidation gives an optically inactive aldaric acid. (6) Two Ruff degradations followed by HNO3 oxidation give meso-tartaric acid.

(7) When the original sugar is treated with CH3I and Ag2O, a pentamethyl derivative is formed. Hydrolysis gives a tetramethyl derivative with a free hydroxy group on C5.

(a) Draw a Fischer projection for the open-chain form of this unknown sugar. Use Figure 23-3 to name the sugar.

(b) Draw the most stable conform

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