Log out Go to App
Go to App

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 20: Q29P (page 1038)

Rank the following carbocations in decreasing order of stability. Classify each as primary, secondary, or tertiary.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Short Answer

Expert verified

carbocations in order from most stable to least stable

Step by step solution

01

Carbocations

A species which has a carbona tom bearing only six electrons and having a positive charge is known as carbonium ion or carbocation.

02

Stability of carbocations

Greater the number of alkyl groups, greater is the dispersal of positive charge and hence greater is the stability of the carbocation.

30 carbocation with three alkyl groups is more stable than 20 carbocation with two alkyl groups which in turn are more stable than 10 carbocation with one alkyl group. However, methyl carbocation which does not contain any alkyl group is the least stable.

03

 Step 3: Carbocations in decreasing order of stability

Tertiary (30) carbocation is the most stable while the primary (10) carbocation is the least stable.

carbocations in order from most stable to least stable

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Show how Fischer esterification might be used to form the following esters. In each case, suggest a method for driving the reaction to completion.

(a)methyl salicylate

(b) methyl formate (32°C)

(c) ethyl phenylacetate

In the presence of 18-crown-6, potassium permanganate dissolves inbenzene to give “purple benzene” a useful reagent for oxidizing alkenes in an aprotic environment. Use a drawing of the complex to show why dissolves in benzeneand why the reactivity of the permanganate ion is enhanced.

An enolate is a very strong nucleophile. Bromine is a strong electrophile, so it can react with much weaker nucleophiles. Give mechanisms for the reactions of bromine with cyclopentene and with phenol, which are both much weaker nucleophiles than an enolate.

Question: Arrange each group of compounds in order of increasing acidity.

  1. phenol, ethanol, acetic acid
  2. p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid
  3. benzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzoic acid
  4. butyric acid, α-bromobutyric acid, β-bromobutyric acid

Question:

  1. Determine the structure of the carboxylic acid whose proton NMR spectrum appears below.
  2. Draw the NMR spectrum you would expect from the corresponding aldehyde whose oxidation gives this carboxylic acid.
  3. Point out two distinctive differences in the spectra of the aldehyde and the acid.
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Read Explanation

Kinetics

Read Explanation

Nuclear Chemistry

Read Explanation

Chemical Reactions

Read Explanation

Making Measurements

Read Explanation

Inorganic Chemistry

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free