Draw the structure of an example of each of the following types of lipids:

(a) a saturated fat (b) a polyunsaturated oil (c) a wax (d) a soap (e) a detergent

(f) a phospholipid (g) a prostaglandin (h) a steroid (i) a sesquiterpene

Saturated fat: They are saturated with hydrogen atoms and no double bond is present.

Butyric acid has saturated short-chain fatty acid with a 4-carbon backbone, and one ketone and alcohol group.

Polyunsaturated oil: They have more than one unsaturated carbon bond (double/triple bonds). In linoleic acid, both alkene groups are cis and it has 18 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group in one hand.

Wax: It consists of long-chain fatty acid linked through ester oxygen to a long-chain alcohol.

Certylmyristate is an ester of cetyl alcohol and myristic acid.

Soap: Head composed of positively charged sodium ion, negatively charged oxygen ion with a fatty acid tail. Sodium stearate is a sodium salt of stearic acid. It contains a long hydrocarbon tail and a carboxylic acid head.

Detergent: Similar to soap with structure R-SO₄¯,Na ion, R= long-chain alkyl group. Sodium dodecyl sulphate hashydrophobic 12-carbon chain and a polar sulfate head group.

Phospholipid: Two hydrophobic tail of fatty acid, one hydrophilic head joined together by alcohol or glycerol. Phosphatidylserine glutamate has two fatty acids attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbon of glycerol, and serine is attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon of glycerol.

Prostaglandin: Made up of unsaturated fatty acid, it contains cyclopentane ring. E1-Alprostadil has cyclopentane with two carbon chains—carboxyl group and hydroxyl group.

Steroid: 17 carbon atoms, bonded to four fused rings. Testosterone has 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.

Sesquiterpene: Consist of three isoprene units. β-bisaboleneAbisabolene is cyclohexene substituted by a methyl group at position 1, and a 6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl group at position 4.