Draw Newman projections of the following molecules viewed from the direction of the arrows.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Newman projections are often used in drawing conformations. In Newman projection, one is viewing the bond end on along the axis of connection. The front carbon is represented by the intersection of bonds from it, while the rear carbon appears as a circle.

(a)

While looking from the direction of arrow, it can be seen that the front carbon has a methyl group pointing straight up, a chlorine atom pointing down and to the left, and also a hydrogen atom pointing down and to the right. The back carbon has an ethyl group pointing straight down, a bromine atom pointing up and to the left, and also a hydrogen atom pointing up and to the right.

(b)

While looking from the direction of arrow, it can be seen that the front carbon has a hydrogen atom pointing straight up, a bromine atom pointing down and to the left, and also a methyl group pointing down and to the right. The back carbon has an ethyl group pointing straight down, a chlorine atom pointing up and to the left, and also a hydrogen atom pointing up and to the right.

(c)

While looking from the direction of arrow, it can be seen that the front carbon has an ethyl group pointing straight up, a hydrogen atom pointing down and to the left, and also a bromine atom pointing down and to the right. The back carbon has an ethyl group pointing straight down, a hydrogen atom pointing up and to the left, and also a methyl group pointing up and to the right.