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Chapter 5: Problem 9

The bond formed by end on overlap is than the bond formed by side on overlap.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: A bond formed by end-on overlap (σ bond) is stronger than a bond formed by side-on overlap (π bond) due to the direct and close overlap of orbitals in a σ bond, which allows for efficient sharing of electrons between the nuclei, resulting in stronger attraction. On the other hand, π bonds have weaker overlap and less effective sharing of electrons, making them weaker and less stable.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Types of Overlaps

There are two different types of overlaps that can occur when atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals: end-on overlap and side-on overlap. End-on overlap is when orbitals approach each other in a head-on manner, which is also known as axial overlap or sigma (σ) bond formation. Side-on overlap occurs when orbitals approach each other from the sides, leading to the formation of pi (π) bonds.
02

Discussing End-On Overlap (σ bonds)

End-on overlap, which leads to the formation of sigma (σ) bonds, occurs when orbitals approach and interact with each other head-on. This results in a direct and strong overlap of orbitals due to close proximity and good spatial alignment. The most commonly observed cases of end-on overlap involve s orbitals and p orbitals, but d orbitals can also participate in this type of overlap. A sigma bond is usually the strongest type of chemical bond because there is significant overlap between the atomic orbitals of the participating atoms, which leads to efficient sharing of electrons and stronger attraction between the positively charged nuclei.
03

Discussing Side-On Overlap (π bonds)

Side-on overlap leads to the formation of pi (π) bonds, which occurs when orbitals approach each other from the sides. This type of overlap usually involves parallel p orbitals (or sometimes d orbitals) that are oriented adjacent to each other. Due to the geometry of the orbitals involved, π bonds have weaker overlap compared to σ bonds. The electrons in a π bond are less effectively shared between the interacting atoms, and the attractive forces between the positively charged nuclei are weaker compared to σ bonds. Therefore, π bonds are generally weaker than σ bonds.
04

Comparing the Strength of Bonds Formed by End-On and Side-On Overlap

Based on the discussions of both types of overlaps and the bond strengths associated with them, we can conclude that the bond formed by end-on overlap (σ bond) is stronger and more stable than the bond formed by side-on overlap (π bond). The strength of a σ bond is attributed to the direct and close overlap of orbitals, which allows for efficient sharing of electrons between the nuclei, resulting in stronger attraction. On the other hand, due to the weaker and less effective sharing of electrons in π bonds, they are generally weaker and less stable.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In \(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}\), the number of electron(s) transferred from calcium to fluorine atoms is

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