Look up and report on the information to be found in the references and sources to dry the solvents below to an appropriate level for inert atmosphere reactions: (a) ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) (b) tetrahydrofuran (c) hexane.

In chemistry, particularly in organic synthesis, inert atmosphere reactions are procedures carried out in the absence of reactive oxygen or moisture. These conditions are crucial when dealing with highly reactive chemicals which could undergo undesirable side reactions in the presence of air. A common way to ensure an inert atmosphere is by purging the reaction system with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon.

During solvent preparation for these reactions, it is essential to remove all traces of water and oxygen. This is typically achieved through the use of drying agents and by performing sensitive operations, such as distillation, under an inert gas blanket. The purified solvents help to prevent any unpredictable interactions that could lead to poor yields or dangerous outcomes. An adequate understanding of solvent properties and the appropriate drying techniques is therefore vital for the preparation of solvents for inert atmosphere reactions.

Drying agents are materials that are used to remove water from organic solvents, which is critical for carrying out moisture-sensitive chemical reactions. Commonly used drying agents include molecular sieves, sulfuric acid, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and sodium. The selection of a suitable drying agent depends on the solvent's properties and compatibility.

For example, ethoxyethane can be dried using sodium wire and benzophenone. This combination not only absorbs water but also signals dryness through a color change. Polar aprotic solvents like tetrahydrofuran can similarly be treated with sodium and benzophenone. The effectiveness of the drying technique is typically confirmed by the solvent's azeotrope boiling point, the color of the drying agent, or by analytical techniques like Karl Fischer titration. Safe handling and disposal of drying agents and desiccated solvents are critical for maintaining laboratory safety.

Distillation is a common laboratory technique used to purify or separate solvents and compounds based on differences in boiling points. When the process needs to be performed in the absence of atmospheric moisture and oxygen, distillation under nitrogen is employed.

In this technique, the entire apparatus is flushed with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere, which preserves the integrity of both the solvents and the compounds to be distilled. This method is particularly essential while drying non-polar solvents like hexane, which can form explosive peroxides in the presence of air. Implementing distillation under nitrogen requires a meticulous setup to ensure that no air infiltrates the system during the process, safeguarding against possible contaminations and maintaining the quality and purity of sensitive chemicals.