Apply the methodology from Box \(24.1\) to the following: (i) Sodium carbonate solution \((25.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) ) was titrated by sulphuric acid solution \((26.0 \mathrm{~mL} ;\) \(0.1 \mathrm{M}\) ). Calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution. (ii) Sodium hydroxide solution \((25.00 \mathrm{~mL})\) was titrated by sulphuric acid solution ( \(24.0 \mathrm{~mL}\); \(0.05 \mathrm{M}\) ). Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution. (iii) Your burette reading for a titration was \(25.20\) \(\mathrm{mL}\) plus 8 drops. You have measured that 12 drops \(=1.00 \mathrm{~mL}\). What is the total volume of titrant used?

Understanding molarity is crucial for various chemical processes, including titration. Molarity, symbolized as 'M', is a measure of concentration representing the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution. To calculate molarity, the formula used is:
\[ M = \frac{moles \text{ of solute}}{liters \text{ of solution}} \]
In a titration setup, if you know the volume and molarity of one reactant, it can help you find out the concentration of another unknown solution through molarity calculation. It's important to convert volumes to liters when doing these calculations to keep consistent units throughout.

Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It allows us to predict the amounts of products and reactants that are consumed or produced. During titration calculations, stoichiometry helps us to understand the chemical equation of the reaction.

Understanding Stoichiometry in a Reaction

For example, the stoichiometric coefficient in the reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) suggests that two moles of NaOH react with one mole of H2SO4. This ratio is essential when we set up our titration calculation because it tells us that the volume of the NaOH solution will be higher compared to that of the H2SO4 for equal molarity.

Chemical titration is a laboratory method to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. During titration, a solution of known concentration, called a titrant, is slowly added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is complete.

Indicator and Endpoint

The point at which the reaction is complete is known as the endpoint, which can be detected using a pH indicator or via instrumental methods. By carefully recording the volume of titrant used to reach the endpoint, the concentration of the unknown solution can be calculated using the known concentration of the titrant and the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation.

Volume analysis, often referred to as volumetric analysis, is a set of methods in analytical chemistry where the measurement of volume plays a pivotal role.

Precision in Volume Measurement

In titrations, accurate volume measurements are essential. Commonly used equipment includes burettes, pipettes, and volumetric flasks, each designed for high precision.
Improving accuracy involves not only using well-calibrated instruments but also accounting for all sources of liquid. As shown in the burette reading problem, it's imperative to include every drop to accurately calculate the total volume used. For example, estimating the volume for a number of drops adds an additional layer of precision, ensuring that the titration results are as accurate as possible.