State whether the errors in (a)-(d) are random or systematic:

(a) A 25 - mL transfer pipet consistently delivers $\mathbf{25}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{031}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{009}\mathbf{mL}$.

(b) A 10 - mL buret consistently delivers role="math" localid="1663303542431" $\mathbf{1}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{98}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{01}\mathbf{mL}$when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2mL and consistently delivers 2.03mL$\mathbf{\pm }$0.02mL when drained from 2 to 4mL .

(c) A 10 - mL buret delivered 1.9839g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00mL . The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00mL mark, the delivered mass was .

(d) Four consecutive 20.0 - $\mathbf{\mu }$L injections of a solution into a chromatograph were made and the area of a particular peak was 4383 , 4410, 4401 , and 4390 units.

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